Gloablization Positive and Negative Impact

Advantages of Globalization Globalization means increasing the interdependence, connectivity and integration on a global level with respect to the social, cultural, political, technological, economic and ecological levels. Advantages * Goods and people are transported with ease and speed * the possibility of war between the developed countries decreases * free trade between countries increases * global mass media connects all the people in the world as the cultural barriers reduce, the global village dream becomes more realistic * there is a propagation of democratic ideals * the interdependence of the nation-states increases * as the liquidity of capital increases, developed countries can invest in developing ones * the flexibility of corporations to operate across borders increases * the communication between the individuals and corporations in the world increases * environmental protection in developed countries increases Effects of Globalization enhancement in the information flo w between geographically remote locations * the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital * there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies * worldwide production markets emerge * free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits * global environmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions * more trans-border data flow using communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc. international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched * the standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase * corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance * worldwide financial markets emerge * multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation * international t ravel and tourism increases * worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are held * enhancement in worldwide fads and pop culture local consumer products are exported to other countries * immigration between countries increases * cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes place * there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture * free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs * due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced * subsidies for local businesses decrease * capital controls reduce or vanquish there is supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions, i. e. patents authorized by one country are recognized in another Advantages in the Developing World It is claimed that globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. The civil liberti es are enhanced and there is a more efficient use of resources. All the countries involved in the free trade are at a profit. As a result, there are lower prices, more employment and a better standard of life in these developing nations.It is feared that some developing regions progress at the expense of other developed regions. However, such doubts are futile as globalization is a positive-sum chance in which the skills and technologies enable to increase the living standards throughout the world. Liberals look at globalization as an efficient tool to eliminate penury and allow the poor people a firm foothold in the global economy. In two decades from 1981 to 2001, the number of people surviving on $1 or less per day decreased from 1. 5 billion to 1. 1 billion.Simultaneously, the world population also increased. Thus, the percentage of such people decreased from 40% to 20% in such developing countries. Globalization means increasing the interdependence, connectivity and integration on a global level with respect to the social, cultural, political, technological, economic and ecological levels. Advantages * Goods and people are transported with ease and speed * the possibility of war between the developed countries decreases * free trade between countries increases * global mass media connects all the people in the world as the cultural barriers reduce, the global village dream becomes more realistic * there is a propagation of democratic ideals * the interdependence of the nation-states increases * as the liquidity of capital increases, developed countries can invest in developing ones * the flexibility of corporations to operate across borders increases * the communication between the individuals and corporations in the world increases * environmental protection in developed countries increases Effects of Globalization enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote locations * the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital * there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies * worldwide production markets emerge * free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits * global environmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions * more trans-border data flow using communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc. international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched * the standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase * corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance * worldwide financial markets emerge * multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation * international travel and tourism increases * worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup re he ld * enhancement in worldwide fads and pop culture * local consumer products are exported to other countries * immigration between countries increases * cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes place * there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture * free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs * due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced * subsidies for local businesses decrease capital controls reduce or vanquish * there is supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions, i. e. patents authorized by one country are recognized in another Advantages in the Developing World It is claimed that globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. The civil liberties are enhanced and there is a more efficient use of resources. All the countries involved in the free tra de are at a profit. As a result, there are lower prices, more employment and a better standard of life in these developing nations.It is feared that some developing regions progress at the expense of other developed regions. However, such doubts are futile as globalization is a positive-sum chance in which the skills and technologies enable to increase the living standards throughout the world. Liberals look at globalization as an efficient tool to eliminate penury and allow the poor people a firm foothold in the global economy. In two decades from 1981 to 2001, the number of people surviving on $1 or less per day decreased from 1. 5 billion to 1. 1 billion. Simultaneously, the world population also increased.Thus, the percentage of such people decreased from 40% to 20% in such developing countries. The Negative Effects of Globalization globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed below. * Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar j obs. That means less jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost of manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and accountants have lost their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India. Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. * Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living. * Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists use the Internet for communicating among themselves. Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution. * Fast food chains lik e McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health. * The benefits of globalization is not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer. * Bad apects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet. * Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet. Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe. * Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals. * The increase in prices has reduced the government's ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. * There is increase in human trafficking. * Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. Disadvantages of Globalization So what's the harm if the entire world is coming together on a common platform?Why are we even discussing whether globalization is good or bad for the world? As we said earlier, everything has a good side and a bad side. The bad side of globalization predominantly revolves around the fact that the preferences differ from nation to nation, and coming to a consensus on any issue becomes more difficult when too many nods are required. When it comes to globalization, the difference between the rich and poor nation can be a major hindrance. Even though the richer nations will try to assimilate and help poor nations come up, they will not sacrifice on their national interests willingly.Economic Problems:Â  If the entire world becomes a global village, any sort of economic disruption in one nation will have a disastrous impact on various other nations which are closely related to it in terms of trade and commerce. It will be a domino-effect wherein disturbance in one economy would result in disturbance in another, and so on! Cultural Problems:Â  Cul ture and globalization also seem to be at the loggerheads. Critics of globalization are also of the opinion that it will hamper the age-old cultures which have been followed religiously all over the world.There are many countries in the world which would never agree to compromise when it comes to culture or religion. Migration will become even easier, and the influence of local cultures and traditions will slowly start to wear down. Incessant westernization of Southeast Asian nations has already put western cultural beliefs and traditions under the scanner in these countries. Unemployment:Â  One may feel that globalization is promoting employment, but the fact is exactly reverse of this is happening, especially in developed countries wherein people are losing jobs as a result of outsourcing.Several major companies from the United States and United Kingdom have outsourced their jobs to the developing nations in Asia, this has in turn resulted in unemployment in these countries. Spre ad of Diseases:Â  Increase in flow of people will also result in spread of diseases, and thus make people more vulnerable to health issues. We do have many examples in history wherein outbreak of a particular disease happened in some part of the world, and before we could realize it spread throughout the world.The critics of globalization and those involved in anti-globalization movement often argue that the implications of this phenomenon will be seen in economics, culture, health and employment, and most of the countries are not ready to take on these disadvantages head-on. Taking their seriousness into consideration, it is not at all possible to turn a blind eye towards these negative effects of globalization. The need of the hour, therefore, is to evaluate the pros and cons of this concept to find out which of the two have an edge over the other.

Youth risk behavior surveillance system

Make you cognize how active teens are? Harmonizing to the informations and statistics from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, a sub unit of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, as of 2007, 35.0 per centum of high school pupils throughout the United States are presently sexually active, and 47.8 per centum of high school pupils have already had sexual intercourse. These Numberss may look big, but in the past twosome of old ages, they have one time once more begun increasing after many old ages of easy dropping. Surprisingly, the clip frame when sexual activity rates had begun increasing is around the clip when abstinence-only plans began being pushed. The Obama disposal has late cut budgets on the abstinence-only plans due to these unwanted effects. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ‘s National Center for Health Statistics published informations in March of 2009 saying adolescent birth rates in the United States have risen f or the 2nd twelvemonth, as of 2007. Due to this, many critics have begun to knock the pick of the Bush disposal, which strongly supported the abstinence-only plans. As a consequence, it leads us to the inquiry of whether abstention plans are truly making their occupation. All this information points to abstinence-only plans being uneffective and merely supplemented abstention plans seem to hold a desirable consequence in the public schools in the United States. Abstinence plans day of the month back to the 1980 ‘s, the epoch of the Reagan disposal. They were the solutions to many jobs within high schools ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . An article in a 1987 newspaper states that Reagan encouraged the abstention plans because it was the best manner to â€Å"avoid undertaking AIDS† ( Boyd ) . This was besides a portion of Reagan ‘s plan in combating AIDS. Reagan said, â€Å"All the vaccinums and medicine in the universe wo n't alter one basic truth, that bar is better that remedy, and that ‘s peculiarly true for AIDS, for right now, there is no cure† ( Hess ) . Furthermore, Reagan believed that it was non the authorities ‘s duty to play a function in educating, but the function of both the school and household. In 1984, the first support for abstention instruction was given by the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Program. Harmonizing to Sexuality Research and Social Policy within National Sexuality Resource Center, as of September 2008, at least 1.5 billion dollars have been funded on abstinence-only plans. Abstinence-only plans chiefly focus on the abstaining from holding sex. It does non advert most subjects within reproduction, particularly contraceptive method and safe sex. There have been many statements about whether onanism is acceptable as a subject and action under the abstinence-only plans. However, sing the old slang for onanism is â€Å"having sex with yourself, † it should non be considered a portion of the abstinence-only plans. In 2005, abstinence-only plans were scheduled for usage in schools in communities with the bulk of Hispanics and Blacks. The ground suggested was because these groups are significantly more sexually active when compared to other groups ( Helman ) . More late, in 2008, 17 or more provinces had already adopted the abstinence-only path ( O'Brien ) . The other option for sexual instruction is abstinence-supplemented plans, besides known as comprehensive sexual instruction. For this type of plan, non merely is abstinence encouraged as a better pick, but the plan besides touches on the topics of contraceptive method techniques and sexually familial diseases. In 1990, the opposing statement against comprehensive sex instruction plans stated by the abstention plans leaders is that less than half of the schools give any instructions on how to utilize contraceptive method or where to obtain them ( Wilgoren ) . However, this job has been solved ; now they are making the exact antonym of what they were being accused of. Furthermore, the comprehensive sexual instruction plan has become the sexual instruction plan with the most support. In a magazine published in 2007, 94 per centum of parents believed that the comprehensive attack was the better of the picks ( Stover ) . Possibly the most limpid manner to see the effectivity of abstinence-only plans is to compare the plans ‘ consequences to those of abstinence-supplemented plans. Texas and California are both southern provinces, but they use different sexual instruction methods ; the province of Texas adopted the abstinence-only plans, while the province of California decided to utilize the abstinence-supplemented plans ( The Dallas Morning News ) . The consequences are dramatically different. In Texas, the province Torahs have made it compulsory to learn abstinence-only as the preferred option. Furthermore, they must pass most of their clip on abstention, and stress that abstinence-only is the lone manner to hold a hundred per centum bar of sexually transmitted diseases. The reference of sexually transmitted diseases is really limited ; merely those chosen by the board of legal guardians of a school territory can be mentioned as effects ( Wonderful Days ) . As a consequence, Texas has become the province with the most adolescent gestations in the state ( The Dallas Morning News ) . On the other manus, the province of California has demands in schools to learn abstinence-supplemented plans, which teach the facets of both abstention and contraceptive method. In add-on, to a broader assortment of subjects to discourse, the pupils are besides able to easy obtain birth control points, such as rubbers ( The Dallas Morning News ) . Harmonizing to Dr. Mark Horton who is the manager of the California Department of Public Health, the adolescent birth rate in California had reached its lowest point as of May 11, 2009 ( CA Dept of Public Health ) , presenting a great contrast to the consequences of Texas. From the comparing between the two provinces, it is evident that comprehensive sexual instruction had a better consequence. It has been brought to visible radiation that there may be other issues, such as racial per centum difference that may do this effectivity difference. However, the bulk of research workers are tilting toward the different plans doing the largest consequence. Many believe that learning teens to be abstentious is idealistic, it is impossible in world. Alternatively of working toward an impossible, it would be more realistic to make bar of gestations and sexually transmitted diseases compared to forestalling teens from holding sex wholly. Surveies have shown that by senior twelvemonth about two tierces of the category has already had sexual intercourse ( The Dallas Morning News ) . It would be literally impossible to rectify the incorrect of so many, so it would be more effectual to discourse both abstention and birth control. In the long tally, those who choose to be abstentious will hold the support, but those who choose non to wait will hold the right information to forestall themselves from acquiring pregnant or obtaining sexually transmitted diseases. There are statements on how effectivity of abstention plans is really calculated. Some argue that it is the figure of persons holding sexual intercourse ; others argue that it is the gestation rate. Due to the hardness of mensurating the figure of persons submerged in the universe of sexual intercourse, I will establish this research paper on the figure of gestation rate. This is because the figure of persons holding sexual intercourse and the gestation rates should be linearly increasing. Therefore, the higher the gestation rate means the more persons sing sexual intercourse. Real life illustrations are non the lone ways to turn out the ineffectualness of abstinence-only plans. Although existent life illustrations demonstrate the consequences of the plans, they do non acquire to the roots of the ineffectualness. Problems and loopholes that the plan is based on may be the account on non merely its effectivity, but besides why many professionals choose non to utilize it. Many well-known and well-respected scientists have focused in on the statement between the two opposing plans. Although there are pros and cons tagged to both plans, the bulk of research workers tend to tilt toward comprehensive sexual instruction being the better of the two. Harmonizing to the reappraisal done by the Committee on Government Reform of the US House of Representatives, 11 out of the 13 course of studies of the abstention plan are based on wrong information ( Stantelli ) . â€Å"The Accuracy of Condom Information in Three Selected Abstinence-Only Education Curricula† research done by Alison Jeanne Lin and John S. Santelli besides confirmed this consequence. The information given in the plans were non needfully false ; nevertheless, they were distorted and led to misinformation. Other informations are old and have been proven incorrect. This information included deceptive information on contraceptive method effectivity and the effects of abortion. Furthermore, the research workers took misconceptions and stereotypes as facts within their scientific research, doing their research biased and questionable. A survey done by Douglas Kirby showed that abstention plans do non detain the overall age of sexual intercourse ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . One of the few pieces of informations given by abstinence-programs on contraceptive method indicates that rubber fail rates on undertaking HIV is between 10 per centum to 43 per centum, where lab consequences suggest the rate to be 1 per centum or under ( Morse ) . This is a important difference that could do major jobs when taught in category. If the pupil does non take abstention, so seeing the high opportunity of condom failure, they may make up one's mind to hold unprotected sex. This will ensue in more adolescent gestations and an addition in persons with sexually transmitted diseases. As of 1999, abstention plans claim that adolescent gestation rates had decreased by 17 per centum due to their parts. Many oppositions beg to differ because of the deficiency of grounds. Some have chosen to believe that the existent ground for this bead was due to the addition in usage of contraceptive method ( Morse ) . Furthermore, in â€Å"Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs and Their Impact on Adolescent Human Rights† written by Rebecca Schleifer and Alice M. Miller, they suggest that abstinence-only plans violate the human rights of teens, particularly those of doing healthy protective determinations ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . Another issue is that abstention plans do non turn to one of the major jobs of teens who choose to hold sexual intercourse. Harmonizing to recent generated research, one of the traits that teens who abstain from sex have is â€Å"resistance to peer influence† ( Healy ) . Peer force per unit area and influence is likely one of the largest grounds why teens choose to hold sex. Many teens believe it is â€Å"in† and â€Å"popular, † and if they do non make it they will be out of the norm. However, abstention plans non turn toing this issue may be another cause of its ineffectualness. In add-on to the many grounds already stated, the apparatus of the plan besides contributes to the effectivity. The most commonly school-used abstention plan, titled Self Respect, does non hold a follow-up plan ( Elmer-DeWitt ) . Once the category is over, the pupils return to the existent universe, being enticed by the many weaving waies the society has created. This increased opportunity of being led astray shows how indispensable follow-up plans are. Without them, teens will evidently travel down the incorrect way. Students seeing how unorganised the abstention plan is one of the chief grounds lending to the failure of the plan. Students will be able to see how undependable the statistics are and how many research workers have disapproved of the plans. This will do them to oppugn the dependability of the plans. When they see another pick, particularly a more appealing one, they will choose out of abstention plans and lief embrace the other pick. For many high school pupils and teens, this other pick is holding a sexual spouse, one who they can hold sex with and trust on. To them, this pick is so much more attractive, and it is besides more pleasing to the teens ‘ ramping endocrines. On the other manus, comprehensive sexual instruction satisfies the sexual thirst of teens. It addresses the physical demands of teens as a fact and Tells teens that there is nil incorrect with the manner they are experiencing. Furthermore, it treats the teens like a friend and steer them along. In comparing to the stiff limitations of the abstention plans, this is a much better pick to learn teens the sex cognition that they need. Unless abstention plans can go more organized, and so, derive the regard and support of research workers, teens will non likely travel for this type of plan. Merely with reorganising and reconstituting the whole plan, it might be possible to convert teens to get down to take abstention over sex. Even holding said this, it will still take a long clip before teens choose abstention merely because of the past feelings this plan has given. As stated earlier, President Obama has late decided to cut the budgets on abstinence-only undertakings. This was one of the first things that he has chosen to make in his first twelvemonth of presidential term. The authorities did non randomly choose to cut budgets merely because of the economic depression. There are many possible grounds that have been brought to the public position, and the strongest ground being the plan ‘s ineffectualness, and the authorities has presented three possible statements back uping this affair. The most basic ground given by The American Public Health Association and U.S. Institute of Medicine to the Congress in 2008, states that â€Å"scientific surveies have non found that abstinence-only learning plants to cut gestations or sexually transmitted diseases† ( Allen ) . It is obvious that if schools do non learn teens contraceptive method techniques, they will non cognize how to forestall gestations. As mentioned above, many pupils will non take abstention because of its instability. Therefore, the end now is to learn them besides about safe sex to farther prevent a uninterrupted addition in adolescent gestation rates and the figure of people with sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, the authorities is taking comprehensive sexual instruction to be the better pick. Recently, as the authorities cuts back on abstention plans, a new societal group is taking up the occupation: spiritual groups. Abstinence plans have a part of their footing in Scripture, and to some extent, the plan really reworded Scripture as its learning stuff ( Elmer-DeWitt ) . It is no admiration that faith, more specifically Christianity can increase the effectivity and efficiency of the abstention plans, particularly when 78.5 per centum of the American population are Christians. In add-on, most faiths support the thought of sex after matrimony, which encourages the same thoughts as the abstention plans. Due to this, trusters in these faiths would more easy accept the intent of the abstention plan. Now, the authorities has given up abstinence-only plans for plans with a brighter hereafter. They now want to patronize abstinence-supplemented plans that are specially adjusted to learn information that is suited for teens ( Allen ) . They have now given the abstinence-only plans over to the spiritual groups. These groups have the resources and the correct background to force for the abstinence-only motion. Hopefully, under the right environment, abstinence-only plans may besides boom and make their occupation. From Angus McQuilken ‘s point of position, it is non difficult, †the job here is non the abstention, it ‘s the lone † ( Helman ) . A pessimistic research worker from Sexuality Research and Social Policy said, â€Å"We want people to cognize that abstinence-only instruction does n't work† ( Sexuality Research and Social Policy ) . Overall, we can non state that abstinence-only plans are wholly uneffective. They have their pros that can ensue in a immense measure frontward in sexual instruction with the aid and addendum of other plans or spiritual groups. In a sense, abstinence-only plans are like badly-oiled machines, or like electronics without electricity. They are good established, but the job is, without the excess oil or electricity, they can non run swimmingly or expeditiously. Likewise, without the supplemented informations, abstinence-only plans can non make their full potency. Once the plan is tweaked and reorganized, it may non merely make its possible, but besides excel more than either of the constituents. Many teens have spoken out on this affair. The girl of vice-presidential campaigner Sarah Palin, Bristol Palin has spoken out to teens across the state to believe before they do it. Furthermore, teens have mentioned that some of the information required to help them to do good sexual determinations are non taught in wellness category. Fifteen-year-old Mildred says, â€Å" We get sex-ed categories in school and that should be where teens get the right information, but that is n't go oning † ( O'Brien ) . The reply has been in forepart of our eyes all along, so following clip when another adolescent becomes pregnant or contracts a sexually familial disease, do n't fault them, fault the sexual instruction plans.

Frequency Response of Netwroks (Electronic Engineering) Lab Report

Frequency Response of Netwroks (Electronic Engineering) - Lab Report Example Current was determined by monitoring the voltage across 100 ? resistor. The CRO was used to record the current and voltage waveforms. The above procedure was repeated for the series connection of a resistor and inductor. Voltage across the inductor was measured at 100 Hz. The frequency response of the RC low-pass filter was measured over the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 kHz. At R = 1 k?, C = 0.01 Â µF, the attenuation at 15 to 20 frequencies were logarithmically recorded over this range. This procedure was repeated with R= 10 k?. The LF oscillator was connected to the RLC series circuit and with R=100 ? the voltage across the capacitor and inductor, and current through the circuit at frequencies between 1 kHz and 100 kHz determined by measuring the voltage across the series resistor. The band-pass filter circuit was constructed and voltages Vo and Vi measured over the range of frequencies 1kHz to 100 kHz. The band-stop filter circuit was also constructed and Vo and Vi again measure d over the range of frequencies 1kHz to 100kHz. A Twin-T filter was then constructed with R1 = R2 = 100 ? and C1=C2=0.01Â µF. ... 1000 4.673 0.301 0.00301 1552.492 0.000644 2000 4.627 0.561 0.00561 824.7772 0.001212 3000 4.551 0.83 0.0083 548.3133 0.001824 4000 4.47 1.093 0.01093 408.9661 0.002445 5000 4.37 1.32 0.0132 331.0606 0.003021 6000 4.253 1.596 0.01596 266.4787 0.003753 7000 4.11 1.802 0.01802 228.0799 0.004384 8000 3.962 1.989 0.01989 199.1956 0.00502 9000 3.84 2.123 0.02123 180.8761 0.005529 10000 3.701 2.268 0.02268 163.1834 0.006128 Figure1 The capacitance is the gradient of the line which is 6?10-4 F By calculation C= 1/2?f Xc and at f =10000 Hz and Xc =163.1834 ? then, C = 1 / 2*?*10000*163.1834 = 0.4126 F which reasonably agrees with the experimental values. The small difference between the calculated value and the measured value may be due to inaccurate readings or as a result of rounded figures. 2) Measuring VL and VR in figure6 with R=100 ? and C=0.01uf Table.2 ? (Hz) VL (v) VR (V) I (A) XL (?) 1/XL 100 1.443 4.379 0.04379 32.95273 0.030347 1000 0.675 4.36 0.0436 15.48165 0.064593 2000 1.299 4.23 0.0423 30.70922 0.032564 3000 1.867 4.028 0.04028 46.35055 0.021575 4000 2.317 3.791 0.03791 61.11844 0.016362 5000 2.709 3.53 0.0353 76.74221 0.013031 6000 3.033 3.273 0.03273 92.66728 0.010791 7000 3.273 2.907 0.02907 112.5903 0.008882 8000 3.328 2.705 0.02705 123.0314 0.008128 9000 3.488 2.496 0.02496 139.7436 0.007156 10000 3.592 2.32 0.0232 154.8276 0.006459 Figure 2 From the gradient, the inductance obtained to be 15.6 mH The inductive reactance XL at 100Hz is XL=2fL=2?3.14?100?15.6?10-3= 9.8 ? At f = 100 Hz from the table above XL = 32.95273 ? The difference is due to experimental errors and errors in reading of results. 3) Measuring Vo , Vi , the gain and calculating the frequency response Table.3 ? (HZ) Vi (V) VO (V) Gain Gain in dBs 100 4.634 4.638 1.000863 0.007494 160

Cultural Homogenization and the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Homogenization and the Internet - Essay Example Homogenization means being similar and parallel to the other thing. The term cultural homogenization is a relatively new term as it has evolved recently. The world we live in today is becoming more of a global village. This means that with the ever changing technology, it is shrinking as means of communication with each other, no matter how far apart, are becoming faster than ever before. Cultural homogenization is the blending of cultures as they become more related to each other and their uniqueness is being reduced. We are going towards forming a more global culture as new traditions, ideas, and values will be formed which align in a better way with the global arena of today. Another unique point of this new culture will be that, unlike the old individual cultures, this global culture will dominate many societies and might even be recognized as the super culture. Internet is a worldwide connection of computers that allows man to communicate with each other more faster and has crea ted many changes in the society. It was developed in the 1960’s but it gained popularity and momentum in the 1990’s when the worldwide web was developed. After that there was an explosion of people who were ready for the vast world that was opened to them. Now people could access information about anything and any part of the world. It allowed for the advancement, exploration, and the quenching of the thirst for knowledge for scientists, researchers and people across the globe. Some of the effects that the internet has had on the global culture are that now different countries are able to advance, as getting education is much easier and faster because of the advancements in technology. It has been discovered that internet is used more for education rather than for entertainment purposes. Therefore, when people have more education the country is able to progress at a rapid rate. The internet has affected the global culture in a way that marketing and sales transactions are easier. The marketers have new ways and methods for advertising their products without any geographical limitations. They post anything on the internet and within seconds, the entire world is able to look at it. This leads to a growth in businesses and ultimately to the growth of economies around the world. Now businesses can run on the internet solely and worldwide organizations are able to advance. One advantage that the internet has provided to the people across the world is that they can study the cultures, which are different from theirs. Prior to this, the people either had to travel all the way to the place to find out the culture or had to read a book. With internet, this can be done merely in seconds and people can get knowledge about the culture of a certain country before going there or before conducting business transactions with the people of that country. This will give them information on the cultural sensitivities so that they do not offend anyone by mistake. Wit h all these advancements taking place and people regularly getting similar information, a global view of the world is being formed in which people around the globe have a similar perspective on the different aspects of life, for instance, people’s acceptance to greater diversity. This happens when people like the culture of a different country and out of their own

Abortion is it The Right Thing to Do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abortion is it The Right Thing to Do - Essay Example In the USA, the debate is predominantly between pro-life and pro-choice groups, which oppose and support abortion respectively. The contention in this paper will be to examine both sides of the debate with the intention to determine which side has a more solid argument on the matter. Since the legalization of abortion in 1973, its opponents have brought forward several arguments to protest against it, most of them being based on moral and religious as well as health grounds, and many of these have been and are still quite compelling. One of the most common arguments against abortion is that it is tantamount to murder,and inducing an abortioninvolves ending a human life; this is because most anti-abortionists mostly hold that life begins at conception. Pro-life groups often cite the fact that since there have been over 52 million abortions in the USA alone over the last forty years, abortion has quintessentially claimed more lives than most of the wars in modern times. As such, it is argued that those who procure and provide abortions are in essence conspirators in murder and should get the same treatment meted out to convicted murders. In addition, another reason why abortion is opposed is the danger involved in its procurement, owing to the fact that there are many parts of the world where abortion is either illegal or the facilities are not available. In addition, in comparison with other medical procedures, abortion is often unregulated, and as a result there are many instances of botched up abortions leading to severe complications, especially when it is procured illegally by unqualified personal (Vlassoff et al. 114). Despite the fact that abortions carried out legally and by qualified medical professionals are considered generally safe, it is estimated that since the legalization of abortion in 1973, over 347 women have been killed while undergoing abortion. It has also been speculated that abortion increases one’s risks of getting breast cancer by at least 50 percent in addition to being possible cause of complications and difficulty when giving birth in future. However, as long as abortion is legal and carried out in health facilities, women are informed of all the potential side effects before they agree to the procedure. That way they make an informed decision out of their own free will in more or less the same way the government respects smokers’ right to smoke despite the potential risks (Kilerbert). Pro-lifers have also been very vocal in propagating the argument that abortion is offensive to God, and since he is the only one who can create life, he should be the only one who can take it away; therefore, abortionists try to play God, which is both immoral and sinful. As aforementioned, several of the arguments put forward in opposition of abortion are actually quite tenable; however, they do not tell the whole story and many of them, especially the ones based on religion and morality, are highly subjective and often emotional. For instance, despite the beliefs of several religious organizations that abortion is illegal and despite the fact that none of the religiou s books such as the Bible or the Koran mentions it, not everyone comes from the same religious background or is a believer at all. As such, arguing

Informatics of health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informatics of health care - Essay Example -Health initiatives such as WHO Global Observatory, which offered Member States with suitable strategic information and policy on the operational practices and standards pertaining eHealth. World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) has asserted its assurance to offering entree to the world’s health awareness and corresponding telemedicine services. Telemedicine applies in locations of worldwide collaboration in emergency response access and networking among the existing health specialists in order to aid advance quality of life and environmental situations (Scott et al., 2005). Within Europe, e-Health forms a fundamental section of the European Commission e-Europe implementation plan. The plan mainly entails envisage the actual definition of the health data interoperability standards, execution of the prevailing health information networks, e-referral, tele monitoring and telecare. Clinical information system used in the modern healthcare setting has computer-based designs that enable the collection, storage, manipulation, and analysis of clinical information significant in the delivery process. The modern clinical information systems facilitate a coherent availability of clinical data in the repository that store patients record especially illness history and major interactions with the medical care practitioners (Stewart & Catanzaro, 2005). In the clinical information system, the repository are designed to encode information that assist physicians in deciding on how to go about patient’s conditions, wellness activities and treatment options as well as the overall actions undertaken. In addition, other healthcare related information that may assist in performing such activities can also be stored and processed in the system (House of Commons Health Select Committee 2005, p. 2). Clinical information systems have been beneficial in several roles in the healthcare setting such as managerial roles, performing general practitioner delegated tasks,

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS - Movie Review Example The documentary outlines Paulson’s thought that was to stabilize the financial market that was under crisis and prevent it from collapsing. It tells the story of a collapsing housing market amidst subprime mortgage loans in U.S banks. As Hunk recounts in the documentary, he is alone and his view is facing contradictions from all corners of the economy: journalists and senators alike, banks and the congress. However, Paulson has the support of his wife, Wendy, who has been his wife for more than 40 years. They are devoted to one another that, during the film at a particular bumpy round of negotiations with the congress, Paulson takes a short break to call his wife Wendy and ask her to pray (Sharkey 1). ‘Hank: five years from the brink’ outlines Paulson’s first thought of the troubled asset relief program (TARP), encourages the U.S government to buy equity and assets from the financial institutions (Sherkey 1). This plan was to help in strengthening the collapsing financial sector of the U.S economy by putting equity and assets in the hands of the government. It is more of asserting more control of the financial institutions to the state and Hank knew that the idea was reprehensible. Originally, the TARP program authorized and expenditure of $700 billion of government money to purchase the â€Å"troubled assets." This would allow the treasury to purchase difficult-to-value illiquid assets from banks and financial institutions to allow the affected institutions to stabilize their balance sheets and avoid making any further losses (Darling 72). According to Sherkey (1), Paulson recounts in the documentary that the story of the crisis was a disaster and his idea were to respond to the disaster and mitigate any crisis that would occur in the future business market. Thus, his second aim of the troubled asset relief program was to encourage the financial institutions and banks to resume lending at the fair levels

Wynn Resorts Financial Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wynn Resorts Financial Summary - Essay Example alents, cost of sales, total current assets, gross profit, long term debt, net income (loss), total equity, inventory and total assets for the years 2012 and 2011. The output also shows changes and percentage changes in the items over the two peariods. Debt to equity ratio defines the ratio of an entity’s capital that is contributed by third parties to owner’s equity. It is an instrumental tool to potential investors and lenders as it indicates levels of certainty of the entity’s continuity. It is determined by the following formula, Return on investment is a profitability ratio that compares the profit performance to the investment made towards that profit. It is fundamental to investors as users of financial statements. It is obtained from the formula, Liquidity refers to an institution’s ability to have cash or cash equivalents from which it can meet its short-term obligations. A firm that has readily available cash or current assets that can be easily converted to cash, such as inventory that can be sold or debtors that can pay to boost the entity’s cash reserve, is therefore said to be more liquid than one with less cash equivalents. Liquidity is further evaluated with respect to short-term obligations. A firm with higher current assets than current liabilities, hence a high current ratio is for instance more liquid that one with a smaller current ratio (Khan and Jain, p. 6- 40). The company’s liquidity decreased from the year 2010 to the year 2011 with values of 1.76 and 1.09 respectively. This meant, on a short-term basis, that the company’s operations relied more on short-term debts, as compared to its current assets, in the year 2011 than in 2010. It also means a lower probability of acquiring short term debts hence strained short-term performance (Khan and Jain, p. 6- 40). The gross profit margin defines a measure of an organization’s products profitability. The company experienced an improvement in its gross profit margin that

LIFE FROM THE INSIDE OUT Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LIFE FROM THE INSIDE OUT - Article Example Stevens is also director of the Golden Apple Art Residency located in Harrington, Maine. The following paper seeks to describe one painting from these paintings, in addition to what the painting means. The painting chosen for this paper is Slipping into the Velvet Past. This painting is shown in the picture below. Slipping into the Velvet Past is a painting created in 2011 whose medium is an oil painting on canvas. The painting is a large-scale painting from the series of paintings Journey: Life from the Inside out, measuring a height of 48 inches and a width of 60 inches width. The painting is a visual metaphor that describes various psychological stages that happen in a journey that persons embark on. It is a unique narrative that is also figurative. A woman referred to as Annara, a female figure who depicts the hope experienced during a journey, is telling the story narrated in this painting. She is seen resting with a white mask on her face and wearing a white dress. She rests curled up in the middle of dried velvety fallen leaves in a jungle. She depicts a sweet, innocent girl. Annara is seen in this painting with her eyes closed, as she peacefully awaits the unfolding of her life (www.ferris.edu, 2012). The young girl describes youth and the anticipation of life as it unfolds, waiting to experience the endless possibilities that await her. As a young person, Annara has little personal history of her life or any past failures that could stand in her way or discourage her. She is also a young person with no sense of danger to warn her of her wonderful future. All she has is her imaginations to impel and propel her to her future ahead. She is, therefore, in a pure and clean state and surrounded by hope and promise. This is demonstrated by her surrounding, an environment of natural coexistence that is not polluted by modern technology. As she lies down curled up like a baby, Annara describes fragility and delicateness in

Employment Law Compliance Essay Example for Free

Employment Law Compliance Essay Our client, Bradley Stonefield, is planning to open a limousine service, Landslide Limousines, in the Austin, Texas area. Mr. Stonefield plans to hire approximately twenty-five people to provide first class transportation to a variety of clientele. Before Mr. Stonefield begins hiring it is imperative that he has an understanding of applicable employment laws. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) is a well-known and widely used federal anti-discrimination law (LaMance, n. d. ). Title VII make it illegal for employers to discriminate against someone based on their race, religion, national origin or sex (U. S. EEOC, 2014). The Act also made it illegal for employers to retaliate against a person who files a complaint of discrimination or participates in a discrimination investigation (U. S. EEOC, 2014). An employer who violates Title VII may find themselves subjected to a number of legal consequences such as having to pay large sums for damages and being required to readjust the company’s policies (LaMance, n. d. ). To avoid violating Title VII Mr. Stonefield and his managers should treat all employees and applicants equally without regard to any characteristics except job performance (HR Specialist, 2013). The Texas Payday Law covers all business entities in the state of Texas, regardless of size except public employers such as the state or federal government (TWC, 2013). This law gives the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) the authority to enforce wage laws and investigate wage claims (TWC, 2013). Texas Payday Law covers compensation for services rendered, commissions and bonuses, and certain other fringe benefits according to a written agreement with or policy of the employer (TWC, 2013). The law states that employers must pay employees for all hours worked and these wages must be received by the employee no later than payday (TWC, 2013). If the employer lays off, discharges or fires an employee they must pay all wages owed to that employee within six calendar days of the date of separation (TWC, 2013). If an employee voluntarily quits or retires their final payment of wages is due to them on the payday following the date of separation (TWC, 2013). If an employer violates the Texas Payday Law they may be fined the lesser of the wages claimed or $1,000 (TWC, 2013). To avoid violating this law Mr. Stonefield should make sure that employees are paid for all hours worked and that all wages due are paid to employees on time. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act applies to all employers that employ twenty or more employees (U. S. EEOC, 2008). The Act states that it is â€Å"unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his or her age with respect to any term, condition or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments and training† (U. S. EEOC, 2008). Violating the Age Discrimination in Employment Act can cause the business to incur legal liability and require payment of large monetary judgments (Mayfair, n. d. ). Mr. Stonefield and his managers can avoid violating this Act by never taking a person’s age or proximity to retirement into consideration when making decisions about hiring, firing, pay, benefits or promotions (HR Specialist, 2013). The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 prohibits an employer from knowingly hire, recruit or refer for pay any person who is unauthorized to work in the United States (Boston University, n. d. ). If an employer violates this law they can be fined from $100 to $1,000 and the fine is not just for the employer but also for each employee working for them illegally (Boston University, n. d. ). There is also the possibility of imprisonment for employers that are deemed to show a pattern of violating this Act (Boston University, n. d. ). To avoid violating the Immigration Reform and Control Act Mr. Stonefield must verify the identity and employment eligibility of each employee he hires. He must complete and retain a complete INS Form I-9 documenting this verification (Boston University, n. d. ). Conclusion It is important that Mr. Stonefield and his management team understand that labor laws were passed in order to provide protection for both employees and employers. That is why the government puts so much emphasis on making sure organizations take them seriously by enforcing the laws with strict consequences for noncompliance. Staying in compliance with these laws is not only important to avoid legal penalties but will also protect the business from gaining a negative public image that can be extremely damaging to their bottom line.

Reflection Report On Experience In A Hospital

Reflection Report On Experience In A Hospital During the final term of my Diagnostic Radiography degree, I attended clinical placement for a total of 11 weeks to gain experience and practice my imaging techniques in various imaging departments. The placement module provided me with a learning experience in a hospital environment and helped to broaden my clinical skills in a variety of clinical environments. I was formally assessed by a member of the clinical staff on 2 different imaging procedures, a mobile chest x-ray and a CT head scan, as part of the degree evaluation process. I kept a reflective diary from the first day of my placement to help me record my feelings and thoughts on the examinations I was asked to perform, the varying patients I examined, the outcomes of these examinations and any problems or achievements I felt important in my time there. The most significant reflection, however, was in respect to my clinical staged assessments. I will be using this diary as a means to help me reflect on my experiences on thi s placement and on how I have developed both professionally and personally. What is reflection and why does reflection help me in my learning? Reflection is a process of gradual self-awareness, critical appraisal of the social world and how it transforms your thinking. Johns and Freshwater (2005) state that reflection is an active process that will enable me and other health care professionals to gain a deeper understanding of any experience with patients. One definition that is appropriate for student radiographers is Reflection in the context of learning is a generic term for those intellectual and affective activities in which individuals engage to explore their experiences in order to lead to new understandings and appreciations (Boud et al, 1985). The use of a reflective journal during my final placement helped me with my reflective development as it would have been difficult for me to remember all the numerous thoughts and feelings I experienced over an 11 week period. Kennison (2002) sees the reflective clinical journal as a method in which a learner may write about clinical learning experiences and reflect on them. He considers this as a beneficial tool of reflection which not only improves the learners writing skills but also essentially helps to reflect on their practice, explore reactions, discover relationships and connect new meanings to past experiences. On the other hand Newell (1992) states that any reflective practice is reliant on memory and interpretation of events selective memory is a particular problem especially following a negative event. I can relate to this as I did find that a balance was required when recalling certain events, I was inclined to remember more negative situations than positive ones, these negative feelings and thoughts of particular events stayed with me longer and had a bigger impact on me. If I am to approach this account of my clinical placement reflectively I must choose an appropriate model for reflection. Johns (2002) found that there are several models have been developed to guide the process of reflection. The first model I will use to aid my analysis and to explore my feelings is the Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle. This model has 6 stopping points which are Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusion and Action Plan. I feel this cycle allows analysis to make sense of the experience, it takes into account a sequence of feelings and emotions which play a part in a particular event and leads you to a conclusion where you can reflect upon the experience and what steps you would take if the situation happened again. This model can also be used through different levels of reflection from novice to advanced. The second model I am employing is Boud et al (1985). This model helps reflect before, during and after an action and will be ideal to explore my feeli ngs and experiences through the whole of my placement. Boud et al (1985) identify reflection as a generic term for those intellectual and affective activities in which individuals engage to explore their experiences in order to lead to new understandings and appreciations. This reflective model is therefore appropriate for radiographers and other health professionals to adopt in critical reflection exercises. Boud et al, (1985) Schon, (1995) state that the development of the abilities to be reflective and critically reflective in practice can be perfected through active, repeated, guided practice. Model of reflection (Boud et al 1985 from Johns 1995) Stage 1: Return to experience Describe the experience, recollect what happened Notice what happened/ how you felt/ what you did Stage 2: Attend to feelings Acknowledge negative feelings but dont let them form a barrier Work with positive outcomes Stage 3: Re-evaluate the experience Connect ideas and feelings of the experience to those you had on reflection Consider options and choices Stage 4: Learning How do I feel about this experience? Could I have dealt with it better? What have I learnt from this experience? Starting at the beginning of the Gibbs (1988) cycle and Boud et al (1985) framework, I am asked to describe the two different clinical staged assessments that I completed and my recollection of thoughts and feelings before, during and after the process. My timetable actually dictated that I would perform my mobile chest x-ray assessment first. This was due to me spending the majority of my first few weeks on placement in the General Department where I would be performing this type of procedure regularly on ward patients. I thought it best to be assessed during the third week after I had performed the examination many times and would be feeling confident. At the start of the second week of my placement I felt confident that I would be ready for this assessment in week 3 and was looking forward to my 2 timetabled days in the Accident and Emergency (AE) Department prior to working in the General Department again. On the first morning in AE the radiographer in charge asked if I had any staged assessments to be evaluated on, I advised her that I had a mobile chest x-ray to do but I was happy to do this in the General Department the next week once I had gained more practice. Unexpectedly, the radiographer suggested that she would assess m e that morning and that I should carry out the examination on the next patient that required a chest x-ray in resuscitation. My first instinct was to put this off and decline, as in my mind I had planned to be assessed on a ward patient the following week. I also felt panicked as I did not have much practice using the mobile x-ray machine in the resuscitation area at this point and the surprise of the request took away some of my confidence. This was a test of my mental strength and as a future health care worker I would have to get used to making quick decisions and rising to challenges on a daily basis. My response was to agree, which surprised myself, I accepted that I was going to be assessed that day. I did not have my assessment sheet and criteria to hand but I managed to find another student who had the information and photocopied it. The morning passed very quickly and I was worried every time a request card was passed through to the viewing area from the AE staff as I thought it would my turn to carry out my assessment. When the request eventually arrived it was to image a 64 year old male that ha d breathing problems and a history of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), he was sitting upright on a trolley in the resuscitation area of Accident Emergency. A chest x-ray was required and so I checked the request card and the patients history on the hospital information system (HIS) system to check for any previous history and corresponding images, I washed my hands, collected a cassette and proceeded to take the mobile unit into the required area. The radiographer accompanied me and asked the patient for his consent and his co-operation to have a student perform the x-ray, the patient agreed. She then observed the whole procedure to evaluate my performance. The chest x-ray procedure was carried out routinely as an erect, antero-posterior view, the patient was very co-operative and aware of the situation around him which made it easier for him to understand and carry out the breathing instructions I was giving him. The resulting image showed prominence of hilar vasculature and was an acceptable diagnostic image. I received an excellent assessment mark from the radiographer and although I was relieved that it was over I still felt pleased with myself that I had carried out the mobile x-ray to a high level. I am thankful however that I kept my reflective diary on this occasion as everything happened so quickly and not to the plan that I anticipated that I benefit from reading my emotional conflicts that I experienced at a later date. This feeling is reinforced by Schà ¶n (1987) who argued that reflection is not a simple process and that practitioners need coaching and require the use of reflective diaries as tools for dealing with practic e problems. The second assessment on the other hand was not as stressful as the above experience and I feel I coped with the anticipation of this assessment better. I was timetabled for a week in the CT Department and so I knew that I would definitely be assessed then on a CT head scan. After discussion with the radiographer in charge it was agreed that we would wait until the Friday to be assessed to ensure that I had plenty practice in carrying out CT head examinations. On the day of the assessment I decided to be assessed on the first patient to attend for a CT head examination. I did not feel as nervous as the first assessment as the arrangements had been made at the start of the week and I knew when I was being assessed. I was also confident in my ability to use the CT scanner and my positioning skills. The first patient to arrive for a CT head scan was a 69 year old female who presented with a history of persistent headaches and dizziness. On checking her identification I found that the la dy was hard of hearing and I had to make sure to explain the procedure slowly, clearly and slightly louder than usual. I instantly became concerned that the patient would not hear the instructions given immediately prior to the examination, e.g. that she should remain very still and not move her head which is very important in achieving a clear and diagnostic head scan. This was a scenario that again I had not predicted. Radiographers, medical students, and nurses alike are constantly faced with unique and ambiguous problems in the clinical setting, where they are required to stop, think, and problem solve in the middle of activities or procedures they are carrying out and is a challenging part of the job. I proceeded to explain to the patient prior to positioning her in the CT scanner what the examination would entail as she would be lying in a supine position with her head resting on a head support which would further obscure her hearing. She acknowledged my instructions and I felt happy to continue with the examination. The patient was positioned head first into the scanner no intravenous contrast was necessary and the patient raised on the table so the lasers were at the level of the orbitomeatal line. I then carried out the appropriate CT head protocol on the computer system, the scout was carried out to make sure the patient was in the correct position and the x-ray beam was set at an angle along the base of the skull to prevent unnecessary radiation of the patients orbits, the slice thickness was selected between 5mm and 10 mm and the CT examination was started. Everything went smoothly and the patient was not found to have any significant pathology showing on the scan. The radi ographer in charge was pleased with my technique and anatomy knowledge and gave me a good mark for my assessment. Boud et al (1985) suggest that In reflective practice, it is necessary to gain an appropriate balance between the analysis of knowledge and thoughts, and the analysis of feelings. It is also important to focus on positive feelings as well as trying to deal with negative feelings, in order for the process to be constructive. Bulman Schutz. As I follow Gibbs (1988) cycle to explore my emotions and feelings I am aware that this step in Boud et als (1985) framework becomes appropriate. He advises to acknowledge negative feelings but also to not let them develop a barrier. I did experience negative feelings, more so in the first staged assessment. This has been an emotion that has surfaced from the start of my training and continued until this point, although the fear factor has reduced significantly. I sometimes do let my nerves get the better of me but as I have come through this degree my worrying has lessened and my confidence has grown. Wondrack (2001) acknowledges that fear and fee lings of guilt often accompany emotions which spring from a lack of confidence in how to resolve situations. On reflecting in past modules I have highlighted my nervousness and so I do not find it a barrier but a test of my determination now. With regards to my first staged assessment I was nervous and anxious as I was put on the spot and not as fully prepared mentally as I would have liked. I think I coped as well as I did due to the fact that I have been learning how to adapt to changing circumstances since my first year placement. I know that I can deal with what is thrown at me now and ask questions if I am in any doubt of my actions. My general clinical placements have all required for me to think on my feet, in the case of the patient who was hard of hearing, the main problem was communication. Schà ¶n (1993, 1987 cited Moon 2001, p. 3) focuses on reflection in professional knowledge and its development. He identified two types of reflection which are reflection in action and reflection on action.   Schà ¶n proposes that these types of reflections are used in unique situations, where the practitioner is unable to apply theories or techniques previously learnt through formal education (Moon 2001).   It would therefore seem that reflection in action and reflection on action are highly beneficial to the healthcare environment as practitioners are working with individuals who are more often than not, text book examples.   Reflection is a fundamental part of my radiography practice and future career, as all patients are unique this means that every time I image a patient I may have to approach it differently as I will need to consider the individual needs of the patient.   The outcomes of both my staged assessments were very good and a positive result did come after my initial negative feelings. Following both the reflective frameworks, I began to analyse what made me feel the way I did. As I considered the pros and cons as suggested by Gibbs (1988) I found that it was reasonable to feel the way I did and that it is all part of being a student. Every other student that I had spoken to felt nervous when both completing the staged assessments and facing new situations with patients. It was to be expected in the lead up to potentially becoming a radiographer. The cons were that I showed my weakness to the radiographer and maybe came across as less confident as I should have, the pros were that I used these feelings to push myself forward and it made me want to do my best to prove that I was capable of producing good diagnostic images. Reflection is more than just thinking about something, it should be an active process, which should result in learning, changing behaviours, perspectives or practices (Boud et al, 1985). By reflecting I have certainly changed my perspectives and behaviours on clinical placement. I am a more positive student and person due to the challenging situations and people that I have encountered. Where I previously became flustered I now take a deep breath and think through the situation and take my time. I have the knowledge to back up my skills and vice versa now so it is my application of these tools that can move me forward. Gibbs (1988) cycle concludes by asking what could I have done differently, both staged assessments were not extreme cases and I was lucky to examine co-operative patients. I would not have done anything differently in the practical aspect. Experience will help me to become more confident in my own skills and capabilities and will help me in adapting to change quickly. This is where I prefer Boud et als (1985) framework as it encourages you to reflect on how you feel about the experience and what you have learned. Gibbs (1988) is slightly more negative and asks what would you change and do differently. I was unable to turn my nerves and emotions off and on but I could learn to control them and make them work for me. From following both Boud et al (1985) and Gibbs (1988) models of reflection I have analysed the situation in detail in a logical order. These experiences have been immensely helpful in evaluating my emotional reactions and professional limitations in the clinical setting. Therefore, my diary has been an essential tool in my development. According to Maggs Biley (2000) evaluating practice through reflection can bring advantages. The challenge is to recognize and use these advantages, together with the knowledge they generate.

Identity in Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Kingston’s Woman Wa

Identity in Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Kingston’s Woman Warrior, and Spiegelman’s Maus Despite being a very diverse literature genre in terms of influence and inspiration, North American literature encompasses many works that share some very common thematic elements. Though there are several themes shared, one in particular can be found in most any work – the importance of identity. Particularly in some selected pieces yet to be named, identity is a very important element, not only because it is a necessity for a main character in any work of literature, but because these works express ideas about identity as being very individualistic – as opposed to being a mere result of cultural surroundings. Zora Neal Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Maxine Hong Kingston’s Woman Warrior, and Art Spiegelman’s Maus; these three works illustrate identity in this manner – a development of self, influenced yet not controlled by elements of relevant cultures. Hurtson’s tale tells a fictional account of Janie Crawford, a middle-aged black woman who goes through a search, and a struggle through opposing forces in her surrounding culture, in her quest to celebrate her own individual identity. The opposing cultural influence begins right from her childhood – her grandmother who raises her, whose cultural views are influenced by the common ideas of the outside world, seeks out to find a man she can marry to secure her a strong social status. She marries her off to a man name Logan Killicks, a successful farmer, and Janie begins to realize that the role that culture sees fit for her makes her very unhappy. Logan does not treat her very respectfully, and sees her as a mere fixture in the household, such as was the common cultur... ...dual identities sought by their respective protagonists. These identities all become realized and celebrated through these stories in some way shape or form. Not only are these expressions of who they are, but they show a desire to go against cultural backdrops that dictate their identities to be something they do not want them to be. Identity is a necessity in literary works, but it does not always take on this kind of thematic meaning. In these stories, identity is a struggle that culminates with a celebration of self; that very struggle makes these stories what they are, and radiate the ideal of individuality. Works Cited: Hurston, Zora Neale. (1937). Their Eyes Were Watching God. J.B. Lippincott Inc. Kingston, Maxine Hong. (1975). Woman Warrior. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc. Spiegelman, Art. (1973). Maus. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc.

Standardized Test Essay examples -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Test Standardized test have been a means measuring student performance. Some important questions that always come up regarding standardized test are what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person’s intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some random quantity of the person’s IQ? When examining the issues around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group’s intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. A person’s environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person’s mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone’s body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it possible to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person’s intelligence. A person’s intelligence stems from a variety...

Autism Essays -- essays research papers

Diagnostic Summary Paper AUTISM Autism is a disorder that impairs the development of a person's capacity to interact with, communicate with, and also maintain regular "normal" bonds with the outside world. This disorder was described in 1943 by Leo Kanner, an American psychologist. Autism is considered one of the more common developmental disabilities, and appears before the age of three. It is known to be four or five times more common in males than in females. It most cited statistic is that autism occurs in 4.5 out of 10,000 live births. The estimate of children having autistic qualities is reported to be 15 to 20 out of 10,000. The gender statement noted before is not uncommon, since many developmental disabilities have a greater male to female ratio. Autistic characteristics are different from birth. Two more common characteristics that may be exhibited are the arching of the back while being held, to avoid contact, and also failing to anticipate being picked up (limpness in the body). Infants with autism are described as being either very passive, or very agitated. Sometimes during infancy there will be cases of head rocking, and or banging, against the crib, but this is not always the case. Approximately one-third of children develop normally until the ages of 1 1/2 to 3, and then the symptoms emerge, referred to as "regressive autism." During childhood, there is a commonality of the affected child insisting routine. The reasoning is that the chil...

Being A Teenager Essay

Is hard, harder than some can imagine, harder than some can even remember. It’s those years you’ll never forget, though sometimes you wish you could wipe away. They seem to last forever, but when you look back, they went by so fast. Being a teenager is falling in love too fast, and too hard, talking for hours on the phone to your best friends, being talked about and talking about others. It’s being guilty when you’re innocent, it’s standing out and fitting in, it’s when you have a million questions that will N-E-V-E-R be answered. Being a teenager isn’t something you can really describe, unless you’re living it at the same time. It’s dealing with life when it crashes down on you, and trying your hardest to live through it. Everyone has their tough times, everyone goes through something, but being a teenager, that’s when you feel everything at once. When you’re in love you’re R-E-A-L-L-Y in love, when you hate someone you â€Å"despise† them, when you’re lonely, you’re miserable. Being a teenager is something you always have to go through, and it the best and worst years of your life. Being a teenager isn’t anything- it’s everything. It isn’t a big deal- it’s a HUGE deal. And while you’re being a teenager, you ought to live it up, because this is the one chance, the one time, you’ll fall in love for real, you’ll be really and truly happy. You’ll be young, and free, and careless, as teenagers usually are†¦When we honestly ask ourselves which person in our lives mean the most to us, we often find that it is those who, instead of giving advice, solutions, or cures, have chosen rather to share our pain and touch our wounds with a warm and tender hand. The friend who can be silent with us n a moment of despair or confusion, who can stay with us in an hour of grief , who can tolerate not knowing, not curing, not healing and face us with reality of powerlessness, that is a friend who cares.

Black Psychology Essay

Abstract: This is an autobiographical essay where I briefly analyzes and interpret significant and impactful events that has transpired over my last 20 years in my life from school to my community in Portland, Oregon. The objective of this essay is to connect concepts and the course objectives related to Black Psychology which I enrolled in at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) spring 2009 term. The outline for this essay is in a chronological age order starting from my birth in 1988 till my current experience at FAMU. The book that is mainly referenced in this essay is the Kobi K. Kambon textbook African/ Black Psychology in American Context: An African Centered Approach along with Joseph Baldwin’s class lectures that I attended. Divided Among two Different Views of the World: But this is my Story The idea that a black person is from Portland, Oregon seems to be shocking information for certain African-Americans. Once I introduce myself to new friends and professors who never traveled to Portland or were never informed that â€Å"Black people† live in Oregon. Many are intrigued by this information and have a quest to know more. So to answer that question, yes there are blacks who live in Oregon. I am a product of Oregon I, Michelle Williams, was born and raised in the urban community in Portland amongst other African-Americans. One may assume that I had a difficult time growing up in Oregon. Experiencing discrimination, racism, or identity crisis; however, my six siblings and I never did. Although, I did not experience those types of issues, I understood that in Portland, the Black race was the minority and Europeans were the majority in the race factor. In addition, do not assume that my family lineage only lines in Oregon, on both sides of my family southern roots run deep. Therefore, southern traditions, values, morals, beliefs, and customs were inbreeded into my up brings. Without questions, I am an African-American woman from Portland, Oregon; however, my geographic region does not define my blackness, nor does it determine if I am capable of experiencing hardships like my fellow peers who were raised in Southern states. In my early childhood, I resided with my maternal grandmother due to my parent’s abuse to their environment and the use of narcotics. However, my time spent with my grandmother was not in vein, yet filled with years of observing and learning how to uphold traditional southern values, which the modern world of psychology considers the â€Å"African/ Black Worldviews†. In the book, African/ Black Psychology in the American context: An African- Centered Approach Kobi K. Kambon explains the difference between the African/ Black and European Worldviews. The four components that compose the worldviews are: cosmology, ontology, axiology, and epistemology (Kambon, 1998) In the African/ African-American worldviews one are taught to believe in oneness/ harmony with nature, survival of the group, sameness; whereas the European Worldview have the notion of survival of the fittest, competiveness, independence, and uniqueness (being different). In my middle childhood my parents redirected their life, and my mother returned to college and obtained her bachelors and masters in Psychology with a minor in Black Studies at Portland State University. While in school she begun to incorporate her findings into her parenting. Although, my mother and I were led by Eurocentric teachings, my family and our surroundings reinforced the black/African-American Worldviews in the household. I recall myself adapting to the ideologies and beliefs of those who were not within my own indigenous cultural group. Kambon defines this experience as a black child who has been influenced by Eurocentric teachings resulting in â€Å"Abnormal Unnatural Circumstances†. The child has accepted and identified him or herself as a member of a â€Å"group that is not indigenous cultural reality (Kambon, 1998). I was able to bounce back to the normal-nature circumstances, with the help of my Black community friends, and family through our morals and beliefs. I had to stay true to my own cultural reality and not be amongst those who are â€Å"cultural mis-identified†. An example of how I demonstrated abnormal unnatural circumstances was when I accepted the European philosophies and allowed the whites to dictate and define what was appropriate or correct based off their standards and views on life. By this I allowed the notion that white Barbie dolls are better, rather than the Black China Doll my grandmother purchased for Christmas one year. While in middle school, which is considered my late or pre-adolescence years, I was offered acceptance into the Talent and Gift also known as the TAG program. The TAG programs honors and congratulates students â€Å"who demonstrated outstanding abilities or potentials in areas of general intellectual ability or specific ability aptitude† (Davenport Community School Website). After discovering the truth in the Black Psychology course, I have come to the understanding that this particular program has several flaws that discriminates against the Black race. The black students who excel above the standards set for Blacks are called â€Å"Talented or Gifted†. In chapter eight it stated that â€Å"there was some Blacks who scored as high as Whites on Standard tests of so-called intelligence (i.e research on Black â€Å"gifted† children)† (Kambon, 1998). The foundation of the Tag program continues and supports â€Å"White Supremacy†. The definition the European psychologist use to define intelligence which were examined on Caucasians only was: â€Å"(a) the repertoire of intellectual/cognitive skills and knowledge available to a person at any one period of time, or (b) the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposely, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment† (Kambon,1998). The names of a couple of exams that exemplified that one was intelligent were: The Alfred Binet and the Binet Test, also known as Intelligence Quotient/ IQ, Charles Spearman with the GS Factor test, and a few others (Kambon, 1998). Robert L. Williams the second National Chairman/ President of American of Black Psychologists (ABPsi) (Kambon, 1998), developed a â€Å"Black â€Å"cultural specific† intelligence test which demonstrated that Blacks could perform superiority to Whites on such a Black cultural based test. The test was called Black Intelligence Test for Cultural Homogeneity† formally known as â€Å"BITCH’. His intelligence test showcased that African-American students were out performing whites by 30 to 50 points (Kambon, 1998). In relations to my acceptance to the TAG program I felt a sense of being privileged, superior, and connected to the white race in some sense. I belittled my peers who the Europeans and the test scored them as being underachievers. Through my actions I had continued on the European worldviews. The people see the good that the TAG program promotes; however, there are down sides and negative characteristics of being called a â€Å"Talented or Gifted† child. In my early adolescence years, I was considered at times a student who could be insubordinate, disrespectful, and disruptive in class. However, my actions were to challenge an question my teacher’s philosophy about Western History, colonization in Africa, slavery, and anything that focused on the Black race. Now looking back on what transpired in high school I was trying to discover the truth regarding my peoples. I tried to unravel the mess that the Europeans, Western historians, philosophers, and psychologist created. Removing the blind folds that had been placed over my eyes through the European teachings; I was tired of receiving the edited, shorten, and beautified story the teachers and academic curriculum spoon-feed me every year during the one month Blacks are allowed to celebrate their history (February). I have come to accept that knowledge is key and discovered like John Henrik Clarke that, â€Å"African History/ Negro History are the missing pages of World History† (John Henrik Clarke, 1996). In chapter three of Kambon books, he explains this idea of cultural reality and worldviews construct, and how â€Å"ones thoughts beliefs, values and actions are not uniquely our own, distinct and separate from those of others, particularly other individuals† (Kambon, 119). In today’s society we accept as true that European’s set the standards or dictated/ guide one to believe that their ways of living and doing things are how things ought to be done; continues white supremacy. I am now in my third year at FAMU as a nursing major interested in psychology, following sibling’s footsteps of attending a Historical Black University. My journey in the Black Psychology has taught me new things about my personality and where I come from. In my opinion Oregon is a diverse and complex state. I had adopted and balanced the different worldviews. From my secondary education I have come to a new found knowledge about this Black Psychology and it’s striving for perfection in the Black communities. I have come to understand that my people are from the Southern or African Cradle, which developed before the Northern or European Cradle a model Diop (Kambon, 1998). I am from the lineage of infamous Pharaoh’s and Queens such as Narmar, Pharaoh and Queen who whore the red and white crown Hatshepsut (Abarry, 1996). For years information has been hidden and sheltered from my peers and I. Not only from the African descendents in Oregon, but from all of the descendents of Africa has that populated the 50 states in America. I have learned that I am a descendant of great Queens and Kings and African’s who were educated, governed themselves, ran a successful economy that was developed in many aspects before the 1500’s when Europeans arrived. Ancient Kemit (KMT) and the Ma’at which is the foundation in which the KMT people lived by (Abarry, 1996). I have grown accustomed to both Western and this new psychology called â€Å"Black Psychology†. I am able to observe and fully understand and acknowledge the course objectives in Black Psychology because I have been in the ream of both worlds. My parents were educated and products of the early 60’s; where there was a large movement on civil rights and black psychologist making a change for the black community. Such as the Pan-African Cultural nationalism movement group who where â€Å"Black Psychologist who advocate that race and culture are the foundation of African self-identity and psychological well being† (Kambon, 1998). Black psychology has made tremendous accomplishments; they have challenged the ideals and ideologies of Western Psychology. Rather than being the blinded test mice used in Western Psychology, Black psychologist has made a mark in Psychology. There has been a creation of Psychology geared to the Blacks. They have developed an impressive editorial journal that comes out quarterly called The Journal of Black Psychology which has been around for about 35 years (Kambon, 1996). The members of the Association of Black Psychologist have overcome many obstacles that have been presented in front of them, and will continue to do so for following years to come (Kamon, 1998). I find that my mind was once held captive in a sense, before I entered college under Eurocentric teachings. I upheld the ideas of Eurocentric teachings, yet the status quo has changed; in favor for the Black Race, and my cognitive for that matter. In today’s society black children are taught by a Eurocentric teaching, where there is a mis-education which manifests itself in the Eurocentric conceptual incarceration (Kambon, 1998). The portrait the European psychologists painted through their views and studies of the black race, personality, mental health, and behavioral problems have not reflected the Black people in anyway. On the contrary it has caused a separation between blacks. Those who believed in changing the psychology world for the black race have succeeded at founding its place and did not allow the standards set by Western Psychology to be the foundation for Black Psychology (Kambon, 1996). Today the black’s can see the ‘great depth of the Eurocentric cultural incarceration that encapsulates African intellectual consciousness and scholarship. † (Kambon,1998). Which has caused a developmental problem of the knowledge of the African/ black race. From the motivation of Francis Cecil Sumner, Herman G. Canady, Robert L. Williams, Marcus Gravey, Nat Turners, W. E. B Dubois, Frances Cress Welsing, and the thousands of members of the Association of Black Psychology, there is a psychology that focuses on the black community which is not defined by the Western Psychology standards. It is up to students like me to utilize the essential tools from courses like Black Psychology, and turn a deaf ear to the myths and misleading information that the Western Psychology once succeeded at incarcerating. This was my experience from growing up in Portland, Oregon and making a much need journey to Florida A&M University which landed me a seat in Dr. Joseph Baldwin course Black Psychology. References Abarry, S. , Asante, M. ,(1996). African intellectual Heritiage. Philadelphia, PA: Temple Press A Great and Might Walk. Dir. St. Claire Bourne. Perf. Wesley Snipes John Henrik Clarke. 1996. Bourne, C. [Westley Snipes] (1996): Los Angles Davenport Community School Website. (1998, Aug). Retrieved Mar. 09, 2009, from http://www. davenport. k12. ia. us/curriculum/gifted. asp Kambon, K. (1998). African/ black psychology in the american context: an african- centered approach. Tallahassee, Fl: Nubian Nation Publication.

Malaysian Legal System Introduction to Law

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA-FAKULTI FILEM TEATER & ANIMASI-ZOOM NOTES MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM+INTRODUCTION TO LAW Sources of Law:  statutes, law reports, text books,  religious beliefs, local customs, opinion of jurists ? Law & Morality:Overlaps/Differs from Society e. g-gayism/illicit samsu-S’wak/P’sular ? Law & Justice:Uphold justice & depends on locality e. g rampancy ? Federal Constitution (lex locci)/  Written Constitution ? Highest Law of the land ?  Ã‚  Malaysian/human rights/liberty ?  Ã‚  Any laws against the Federal Constitution-null & void ? e. : retrospective penal provision/trial by the same offence/represented by a  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  legal practitioner – 24hrs MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM-MAXIM:CHECK & BALANCE/MONTESQIEU ?  Ã‚  JUDICIARY ?  Ã‚  EXECUTIVE ?  Ã‚  LEGISTLATIVE TYPES OF LAW: ?  Ã‚  Written Law-e. g. acts/Unwritten Law-  e. g. courts decicion ? Public Law  e. g. criminal law  /  Private Law  e. g. contract law ? Binding Precedent:Higher Court binds the lower ?  Ã‚  PersuasivePrecedent:Courts of the same level: persuasive LAW OF CONTRACT ELEMENTS:- 1. Offer To be distinguished from ‘invitation to treat’:Advertisement 2.Acceptance 3. Intention to create legal relationship Mere promise for lunch treat is NOT binding 4. Consideration Except: Natural Love & Affection:e. g. Father to Son 5. Certainty 6. Capacity-Sound Mind MINOR General principle is not binding & restricted to the followings: ? contracts for necessaries  Ã¢â‚¬â€œeg: contracts to have food, clothes & purpose of education. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  contracts for scholarship  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a scholarship agreement  Ã‚  is valid. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  contracts for insurance –  under the Insurance Act,1963, an infant over the age of 10 may enter into a contract of insurance.H/e, if he is below 16, he can only do so with the written consent of his parents or guardian. CONTRACT: VALID:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SAH VOID:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BATAL VODABLE:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BOLEH BATAL; VOIDABLE:If proven the existence of these elements: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COERCION  (paksaan) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UNDUE INFLUENCE  (tidak sewajar atau sepatutnya) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FRAUD  (penipuan) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MISREPRESENTATION  (gambaran yang salah) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MISTAKE  (kesilapan) LAW OF TORTS ELEMENTS:DUTY OF CARE- NOT TO BREACHED/TO ACT REASONABLY 1. NEGLIGENCE 2. TRESPASS Trespass to person/trespass to land / goods. Trespass to persons : ? Assault; ?  Ã‚  battery;   Ã‚  false imprisonment. â€Å"TRESSPASSERS SHALL BE LIABLE  NOT  PROSECUTED† 3. NUISANCE i. public nuisance ii. private nuisance. 4. DEFAMATION ?  Ã‚  LIBEL- publication ?  Ã‚  SLANDER-words ? GENERAL DEFENCES (EXCEPTIONS) NEGATING LIABILITY IN TORT  Ã‚  : 1)  Ã‚  VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  MISTA KE 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  INEVITABLE ACCIDENT  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACT OF GOD 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  PRIVATE DEFENCE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  NECESSITY 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  STATUTORY CONTRACT| TORT| 2 sides/ parties| Maybe More than 2parties| Written/Unwritten| No written aggreement required| Remedy: Damages| Remedy: Damages| Duty: Contractual Duty| Duty: Duty of Care|COMPANY,PARTNERSHIP & SOLE PROPRIETOR SOLE PROPRIETOR †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SOLE PROPRIETOR-ENTERPRISE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REGISTRATION-LOW FEES †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EASY TO OPERATE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MOST COMMON †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BUSINESS/INDIVIDUAL/ENTERPRISE= SAME ENTITY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RESOURCES:OWN/FRIENDS/FAMILY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 MAN SHOW †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FAST ON DECISION-START/CEASE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OPERATE FROM HOME/NO OFFICE PARTNERSHIP †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PARTNERSHIP-TEAM UP;RESOURCES-TANGIBLE/INTANGIBLE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BIGGER SCALE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RESOURCES-TANGIBLE/INTANGIBLE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  POPULAR AMONG PROFESSIONALS †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LIABILITY/PROFIT SHARED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PARTNERSHIP- NO AGREEMENT-PRESUMPTION=EQUALLY LIABLE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PARTNERSHIP-WITH AGREEMENT-ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PARTNER ACTING ON BEHALF OF PARTNERSHIP-BINDING †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PERSONAL ASSET=LIABLE COMPANY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COMPANY-SEPARATE ENTITY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RESOURCES-CAPITAL-PAID UP/AUTHORISED †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DOCUMENTATIONS:MEMORANDUM/ARTICLE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REGISTERED OFFICE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COSTLY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COMPANY SECRETARY †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RESOLUTIONS-LOANS? FINANCING? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PERSONAL ASSET/COMPANY ASSET †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AUDITED /ANNUAL MEETING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY * REAL PRORERTY- Building/chattels/land/house=tangible PERSONAL PROPERTY-Jewelleries,laptops,handphones/cars=tangible * INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-the  intangible  product of one person’s work by hand/brain against unauthorized use or exploitation by another ? Berne Copyright Convention  1886:135  Ã‚  countries PROTECTION-INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:e. g. to be protected ?  Ã‚  PATENT ?  Ã‚  TRADEMARK ?  Ã‚  INDUSTRIAL DESIGN ?  Ã‚  CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATI ON ?  Ã‚  TRADE SECRET ?  Ã‚  COPYRIGHT ?  Ã‚  GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATOR ?  Ã‚  INTERGRATED CIRCUIT ?  Ã‚  INDUSTRIAL  Ã‚  DESIGN Section 7 of the Act, Copyright Act includes: ?  Ã‚  literary works ?  Ã‚  musical works ?  Ã‚  artistic works ?  Ã‚  films ?  Ã‚  sound recordings   Ã‚  broadcasts PRE REQUISITE FOR PROTECTION: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sec 7 (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ORIGINAL/GENUINE †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sec 8 (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATERIAL FORM †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sec 17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DURATION:  Ã‚  50 YRS AFTER DEATH MULTIMEDIA LAW Technology * â€Å"A body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills & extract or collect materials† * â€Å"An evolution of idea† * â€Å"Impacting the world-creating new wealth, reshaping economy & social policy† General-New  Ã‚  Media * Email * Social network * Video conference * Digitalisation -Nothing can replace face t o face communication -Cost effective-travel/ accessible large group -New skills required Same effect-â€Å"on line† & â€Å"off line† -Virtual -No barrier Privacy ‘The right to be left alone’ Tresspass to:- * Personal Data-biological/genetics : DNA /banks * Freedom-human rights * Privacy-private life Remedy ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Federal Constitution ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Civil Proceedings ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Penal Code ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personal Data Protection Act ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication & Multimedia Act Malaysian Regulatory  Ã‚  Body â€Å"Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Multimedia†-THE AUTHORITY e. g. All cellular phone accounts need to be registered JURISDICTION: –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Post/courier –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Telecoms –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digital certification authorities