True Human Nature Exposed in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Fl

True Human Nature Exposed in manufacturer of the Flies The island in Lord of the Flies represents a microcosm of human race society. Stranded on an island where no definite authority is to be obeyed, the boys quickly forget the social standards that their parents have impressed on them. Eventually, the wildness of their ids cannot be suppressed. They regress their pride as British boys and choose their leaders, their social groups, and their lifestyles with their basic instincts rather than with practicality. Fear and superstition rule the island instead of the laws of science. Without the constant pressure of societys expectations, the boys display the constitutional elements of human nature in the way that they choose to live. In society, a constant struggle exists between what nation want to do and what they need to do. If Freuds ideas more or less the human mind are correct, those who stress the former are more strongly controlled by their ids. Those whose lean more to wards the latter are controlled by their ego. The establishment tries to enforce rules while the people struggle for more freedom. This is plainly displayed in how Ralph and Jack fight for the loyalty of the other boys. Ralph promises rescue, which works for a time. However, Jack promises them fun. mint would rather have pleasure than security. The boys cannot see the importance of following the rules. In society, people have a similar problem. Everyone desires to be liberated from shame and self-consciousness. Unfortunately, this fall is not always in their best interest. Humans will always separate themselves into groups based on appearance and similarities. The boy automatically separate themselves into biguns and littluns. The previous(a) c... ...s in self-defense, Jack tells them I told you- hes dangerous. This type of manipulation is common in human society, particularly when a fight for power is involved. In human society, people will do what comes easiest. They will be manipulated and mistreated before they start to think for themselves or to act as individuals. This is shown well by the boys in The Lord of the Flies because boys have not yet suppressed their basic natures as completely as adults have. The thoughtless attitudes that the boys have is common in human society, thus far if adults pretend otherwise. Works Cited Baker, James R. William Golding, A Critical Study. New York St. Martins Press, 1985. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York Harcourt, 1962. Riley, Carolyn, ed. Vol. 1 of Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1993.

Essay --

1.0 Introduction1.1 Background of the studyThis research is to study the implication of Federal go for (Fed) tapering of quantity easing (QE) on trade finance industry, particularly in emerging markets.Fed quantitative easing (QE) is a channel to accelerate national economy when standard monetary policy has become ineffective. It primarily objectives are to stimulus domestic evolution and help the sluggish US tangible estate market after financial crisis of 2007 - 2008. It was used by Fed because its policies rate have been lower close to zero after subprime crisis. QE has resulted increasing of unlike fund into the emerging markets for higher returns. Oppositely, when Fed announced a tapering of some of it QE policies contingent upon continued showing of positive sign of economy growth in year 2013, the emerging markets scotch started get uncertain and growth slower. There is a concern about emerging nations with large current level deficits, weak public finances and high ext ernal borrowings relative to reserves allow for receive worst-affection with capital outflows when the Fed started tapering of QE in 2014. Furthermore, the current liquid crisis in China and prolonged of European debt crisis would worsen the negative impact of tapering on the economic growth in emerging markets. The continuing of economic sluggish in China and Eurozone while the United States (US) economic growth not benefiting emerging nations exporting and external trade. Hence, the prediction is emerging market lead experience a slower economy after tapering of QE. This research is to study perspectives and challenges in trade finance industry in the era speckle tapering.1.2 Problem statementThe recent sharp fall in currency and capital markets uncertainty in... ...roach allows this interviewees to discuss their opinions, views and experiences in depth, Furthermore, the researcher may seek upgrade clarification whenever it is necessary. The interview will consists nine open questions developed for the targeted interviewees. The questions may vary for the he top management, middle management and general level employees. The interviewees responses will lead to the length of the interview. However, the targeted length of the interview is about 30 - 45 minutes accordingly. In addition, some secondary data will be composed from the public journals, expert analysis and company reports to further clarify the information collected from the interviews. These data collected will be used in the valuation and analysis process together with the information from the respondents to enhance the quality of the findings of the research.

Ethics Of Cheating Essay -- essays research papers

Cheaters Never Win, Oh wait they dotheyre CheatersCheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by slipperiness swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People clear many different beliefs when it comes to cheating some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove. I intend to show the different beliefs, from different perspectives of people, and also intend on proving which beliefs have the strongest and weakest arguments.An ethical egoist could argue that we have an province to cheat. Ethical egoists maintain the belief that we should act selfishly. We should do things that we believe in our self-interest, which is our sustain genuine interest. Egoist would cheat to benefit themselves, they believe that their own interest receives much more weight than everyone elses interest. Egoist realize that we are solely responsible for their own lives, therefore if cheating would benefit their lives past cheating is acceptabl e. If we did not cheat it would bring possible misfortune to our lives.However, it could also be argued by ethical egoist that we do not have an obligation to cheat. Egoist would agree that morality is about overcoming our selfishness and living our life with positive concern for the strong being of others. Cheating is not looking at the well being of others, but rather doing the complete opposite. Unless everyone in the country had the answers to the test, then it would be considered good to ch...

The Common Good in Hobbes, De Tocqueville and Marx :: Philosophy Politics Papers

The Common Good in Hobbes, De Tocqueville and Marx Political philosophies ar those theories and ideas that strain to study the impact of various political apotheosisisms on society, and their impact in the shaping of social, political, and economic ideas. The questions which political philosophy seeks to turn its attention to struggleds range from describing what the posit of Man actually is at the existential level, to the types of social regimes, which are necessary to tame and organise that nature. In this context, there is a measure of truth in the suggestion that the answers, or visions they give are not, necessarily, entirely original. Plato, the student of Socrates, was himself keenly interested in political philosophy and set himself the task of conceptually evolving a society which would function properly. Platos ideal society was comprised of rulers, guardians, and the masses. All these various strands within society are moulded at a young age to play a societal role, i n order that they might contribute positively and affirmingly to the betterment of their own social arena. Within the context of the history of political philosophy, Plato emerges as wholeness of the more gifted political theorists, if not, perhaps, the best. While closely examining the needs of society, he was able to recognise the needs of society as well as the needs of the individual. He humbled the ego of Man when he acknowledged that one individual could not survive on his own and that all people are dependent on others to survive. His idea of an organised community has been the focus of many political philosophy debates and has been the stepping-stone by which many political philosophers have created their own ideal social environment. Though their theories may not be identical to those of Plato, signs of his structures are definitely present. Thomas Hobbes, the seventeenth century political philosopher, had some theories and ideas keenly standardized to those of Plato. Hob bes view of the state of nature was a very primitive one he felt that in the state of nature there was a war of every person against every person. In the natural state justice was impossible, because without set limits and structures, everyone has the right to do whatever they wish and anarchy is almost inevitable. The unless ay to escape the unfortunate state of anarchy was for everyone to agree a covenant. The conditions of the covenant were to give the sovereign full discretion in dealing with citizens.

Goethe’s Statement :: essays research papers

Goethes affirmation, Treat people as if they were what they ought to be and you help then to become what they argon heart-to-heart of being is commonly used in both a affirmatory and negative form in todays society. When a psyche looks the statement carefully over, they will find the meaning into what he is maxim. From the Bible, the refer Do unto others as you would have others do unto you is very similar to Goethes statement. If a person acts in a certain way toward soulfulness, then the environment and the people in which that person is surrounded by affects his attitude directly. When a person believes somebody has the capability to be more than than they are, and the person pushes that person to succeed, the person will live up to those standards. By having another source other than yourself see what you are capable of doing, it lets people see themselves from a different perspective. there are many examples in modern day society of Goethes statement.A positive example of a modern day Goethe statement is in the Army. When a person thinks of the Army, the first thing that a person will think of is the quote Be all that you can be. The is an encouraging statement for people, and this will make people feel as if they can be part of something more helpful and proud. If a person exerts their whole self into becoming a soldier, and if other people tell them that they have the power to be more than just average, then, they edit forth more effort, and feel better about themselves. Another positive example is in the acting business. While an actor is on stage saying his lines, he might meet the criticism of the director. The director of a play should know the ability of an actor, and by criticizing him it is helping them become a better actor. There are also people with professions that, on a daily basis, they help people better themselves. These people are teachers and tutors.Teachers and students interact with each other more out of a day than most stu dents interact with their parents.Teachers help us expand and open our mind by giving us skills throughout students advance(prenominal) life to help students when they are older. By recording information from teachers, students become better people, in a couple of ways. Besides inquiring knowledge from their teachers, students learn to work with one another, open their mind to other peoples thoughts and ideas, respect one another, and learn different techniques for lifes issues.

Racial Inclusivity and Social Media and The Souls of Black Folks by W.E

Modern innovation has made the infusion of racial inclusivity and social media a tightrope walking affair above a never-ending abyss. Social media when apply has been a place for radicalized defense, sensitive humor and to cavalcade swagger. Simultaneously this tool that has been disposed to culture through telephones, computers, tablets and many other places has created a whole new universe of discourse for inauthentic means of living. In particular in regards to the African American culture. The new New Negro, a term suggested by Marlo David has so much at their fingertips, yet do not know how to use them. She said, the new New Negro of the millennial age has sought to escape the shadowthat has been more tangible to him than his personality. The arbitrary nature that African Americans escape to social media networks to show themselves only serves to cover themselves from what their drearness is. Blackness rooted in the brutalization of systemic objectification of their m inds, bodies and expressions in various walks of life. These issues are not new to the Black experience, they are found in the early 1900s with W.E.B. Dubois in his work, The Souls of Black Folk. His prophetic work confronted the black person then, and resonates in the infusion of Social media today in everyday life. . He writes, How does it feel to be a problem? I seldom resolving a word. He continues, Being a problem is a strange experience - peculiar even fro one who has never been anything else, save perhaps in babyhood and in Europe. Social media has only meliorated the way African American persons are viewed, for Dubois and today, as a problem. From Duboisian experience in 1903 to Social Media and the Black capture today, progress and problems persist.... ...BIBLIOGRAPHYCongress, T. L., & Willis, D. L. A small nation of people W.E.B. Du Bois and African-American portraits of progress. New York, NY HarperCollins.David, M. (2007). Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibilit y in Black Popular Music. African American Review , 41 (4).Dubois, W. B. (2009). The Gift of Black Folk . Garden City Park, NY Square One Publishers.DuBois, W. E. (1903). The souls of black folk essays and sketches. Chicago A.C. McClurg & Co. Cambridge University Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge,.Neuhaus, R. (2008). The public square a continuing survey of religion, culture, and public life. First Things , 184, 57-72.Schwartz, D. (1989). Visual Ethnography. Qualatative Sociology , 12 (2), 119-154.Senft, T., & Noble, S. (2013). Race and Social Media . In T. M. Jeremy Hunsinger, Routledge Handbook of Social Media (pp. 107-120). Routledge.

Racial Inclusivity and Social Media and The Souls of Black Folks by W.E

Modern innovation has made the infusion of racial inclusivity and fond media a tightrope walking affair above a never-ending abyss. Social media when used has been a place for radicalized defense, sensitive humor and to cavalcade swagger. Simultaneously this tool that has been dispose to culture through telephones, computers, tablets and many other places has created a whole new world for inauthentic means of living. In particular in regards to the African American culture. The new radical Negro, a term suggested by Marlo David has so much at their fingertips, yet do not know how to use them. She said, the new newfound Negro of the millennial age has sought to escape the shadowthat has been more real to him than his personality. The arbitrary nature that African Americans escape to social media networks to show themselves barely serves to cover themselves from what their blackness is. Blackness rooted in the brutalization of systemic objectification of their minds, bodies and expressions in various walks of life. These issues are not new to the Black experience, they are implant in the early 1900s with W.E.B. Dubois in his work, The Souls of Black Folk. His prophetic work confronted the black person then, and resonates in the infusion of Social media today in customary life. . He writes, How does it feel to be a problem? I seldom answer a word. He continues, Being a problem is a unconnected experience - peculiar even fro one who has never been anything else, save perhaps in babyhood and in Europe. Social media has only meliorated the way African American persons are viewed, for Dubois and today, as a problem. From Duboisian experience in 1903 to Social Media and the Black Experience today, progress and problems persist.... ...BIBLIOGRAPHYCongress, T. L., & Willis, D. L. A small nation of people W.E.B. Du Bois and African-American portraits of progress. New York, NY HarperCollins.David, M. (2007). Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibility in Black Popular Music. African American Review , 41 (4).Dubois, W. B. (2009). The Gift of Black Folk . Garden City Park, NY Square nonpareil Publishers.DuBois, W. E. (1903). The souls of black folk essays and sketches. Chicago A.C. McClurg & Co. Cambridge University Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge,.Neuhaus, R. (2008). The public square a continuing survey of religion, culture, and public life. First Things , 184, 57-72.Schwartz, D. (1989). Visual Ethnography. Qualatative Sociology , 12 (2), 119-154.Senft, T., & Noble, S. (2013). run for and Social Media . In T. M. Jeremy Hunsinger, Routledge Handbook of Social Media (pp. 107-120). Routledge.

To What Extent Were Hitler and Stalin Similar?

To what extent were Hitler and Stalin sympathetic? Hitler and Stalin were both cruel dictators around the time of WW2, but to what extent were these two men similar? foremost they were both dictators throughout WW2 however they were both of different beliefs. Hitler was a fascist and Stalin was a communist, however they were both much(prenominal) extreme versions of these beliefs that they were, in galore(postnominal) ways alike. Starting with childhood, Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in a small Austrian town called Braunau, near to the German border.His father, Alois Hitler was an abusive drunk similar to Stalins father, Besarion Vanovis Jughashvili. This evidence suggests that perhaps the bad relationships these men had with their fathers, who made very poor role models, may have had some contribution to the turnout of these dictators. Stalin did not graduate, unalike Hitler instead he devoted his time to the transitionary crusade against the Russian monarchy. He sp ent 15 years as an activist, who was arrested on a descend of occasions and exiled six times in total.In 1913 Stalin was captured for the sixth time, and was exiled to a region in Siberia near to the Arctic Circle called Turukhansk. He was then released for a final examination time in March, 1917, by Alexander Kerenskys revolution. When you compare Hitlers look before dictatorship it is obvious that this portion of the mens life was extensively different. Stalin rose to function as general secretary covertly, into i of the most dominant communist parties at the time. And when revolution leader Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, condition was thought by the Russian public, to belong to Leon Trotsky who was the head of the red army.However Stalin rose to power instead and, although he incorporated fear into his tactics of leadership, like Hitler did, his essential claim of control over Russia was visibly dissimilar. Hitlers early adulthood was difficult, after leaving his school in V ienna he was devastated by the passing game of his mother to cancer. Shortly after which he was struck by another heavy blow, as he was rejected from art school and forced to contain up his dream of becoming an artist.He was now very poor and living in a doss ho utilise with the mansionless, it was at this time many historians debate he developed his hatred of Jews as they were generally well-off people thriving in a time when he had nothing, this hatred would later influence a major part in the mass genocide he lead during his dictatorship. When Hitler rose to power in 1933 Germany was facing a crisis, the great clinical depression had struck, and America had stopped funding them or buying their goods, causing 6 million people to lose their jobs, on top of that the restrictions Germany had already suffered due to the treaty of Versailles were catastrophic.So, the public began to question their current democratic leadership. For Hitler turning the public against democracy an d communism was easy, they already doubted the democratic leadership and since the communist uprisings between 1919 and 1920 that had caused a major panic and the horror stories from Russia and Stalin, people already disliked the communists greatly. He used the similar beliefs between himself and the people to strengthen their relationship and allow them to worship him. Similarly, when Stalin came into power he influenced the people to turn them against his opposition by pointing out their similarities.Stalin was a man of the people, a peasant who had fought in the revolution, and was in the public eye having go to and given the chief(prenominal) speech at Vladimir Lenins funeral. However, his opposition Leon Trotsky was a Jewish Army leader who did not attend Lenins funeral (however sources tell that Stalin tricked Trotsky into not going). This was similar to Hitler because they both focused on what they had in common with the public , and ensured they kept themselves in the publ ic eye as the hero when in true fact they turned out to be the villains.Another likeness between the two leaders was their use of terror to control their country. Both of the dictators enforced the secret police, who were one of the biggest fears of both countries public, in Russia the secret police were called Cheka and in Germany they were known as Gestapo. The secret police were the secret force put together by the administration to betray on and capture those who spoke out against them, in Hitlers case for example the Jews. Once captured by the secret police the prisoners would either be executed or taken away to concentration camps, gulags or ghettos to be tortured and forced to work manual labour.Both men additionally, believed in using children to spy on their parents, in many schools across Germany and Russia the dictators beliefs were broadcasted to young children, they were taught to snitch on their parents if they spoke out against the government. When using propaganda Hitler was linked to Stalin through their use of twisting the publics mind. Many historical sources depict images of Hitler or images of Stalin hugging women and children and leading the army, in addition to this almost all of their osters depicted their governmental parties symbol, which with Nazis symbol (swastika)ironically meant good fortune and peace. A major difference was that Stalins posters were much more general, much more of Stalin loving the public whereas Hitlers posters distinctly defined his policies. For instance Nazi propaganda was widely images of the Hitler youth army, the Aryan race (the race Hitler believed to be superior to all others- blonde hair/blue eyes) and many images of ugly Jewish people perhaps eating German babies.Often when observing Hitler and Stalin people overlook the changes they made for the good. In Hitlers case he promised policies such as Lebensraum (the need for living space) -the reclaiming of land lost in the treaty of Versailles and, h e promised to increase the army size from 100,000 to 1,400,000. He also came up with the Hitler youth army providing leisure events such as holidays, trips and sports events, moreover he gave the Germans cheaper cinema and theatre tickets and provided them with better meals.He greatly improved the quality of German work facilities, as well as providing loans to married couples, and encouraging the birth of children by saying that the more children you had the less you had to pay back form the loans. Overall the main thing he provided to the poor Germans who had lost so much since WW1. Stalin gave the public hope for triumph for over the cruel grip of fascism taking the current revolution a step further. He made his country a world power alongside the USA, not like Hitler who made Germany suffer a huge loss after WW2.He greatly improved Russian industries and economy, the farming in Russia increased by 200 %. Additionally Stalin increased by decades the life forecast of many Russi ans, he also enriched the lives of many Russians who lost faith especially throughout WW2. Furthermore, during Stalins rule he significantly enhanced the standard of womens rights by allowing them to receive education and employment and permitting them to give birth in hospitals with prenatal care. Opposing Hitler immensely, who sacked hundreds of women believing their purpose was to stay at home with the children, and cook and clean.On June 22nd, 1941 Hitler, feeling himself losing the war and growing paranoid of Stalins communist power invaded Russia calling it Operation Barbarossa. It was a foolish decision which lost him a large portion of his army, and the war essentially. Stalin triumphed and by mid-April of 1945, Soviet forces had pushed their way into Berlin, and Hitler and his wife Eva killed themselves in order to escape the terrible punishments of losing the war. Stalin died later on in 1953 on March 5th, 1953 a stroke.In conclusion although they were both at the furthest ends of right wing communism (Stalin) and fascism (Hitler), they were indeed so extreme, that in a way, they were a like. on that point methods of control, torture and advertisement were so remarkably alike and, their mass genocides will go down as two of the most dreadful, but painfully similar events in history. So to a certain extent I do agree that these dictators were very similar from a particularly young age, though at many significant points in their lives they did show great dissimilarities.

The Brake System of a Motor Vehicle

With advances in automobile technology, braking systems have also been constantly evolving to offer precision braking installing in modern cars. The two prime braking technologies developed over the course of time ar tucker brakes and disk brakes. In the following endeavor I am going to describe the two different types and point out the advantages and disadvantages of lift and disc brakes. Before we make a distinction in the midst of discs and drums, let me explain the basic working principle of any braking system installed in cars.When brakes argon applied, vehicles come to a halt through application program of friction against the wheels. Heat is generated in the process. The conversion of kinetic energy of the rotating wheels into heat slows down the wheel. Early automotive brake systems determinationd a drum inclination at all four wheels. They were called drum brakes because the components were housed in a round drum that rotated along with the wheel. Inside was a set of habilitate that, when the brake pedal was pressed, would force the shoes against the drum and slow the wheel.Fluid was used to transfer the causal agency of the brake pedal into the movement of the brake shoes. The newer one, the disc brake, works on the same basic principles to slow a vehicle, but their design is far superior to that of drum brakes. Instead of housing the major components within a metal drum, disc brakes use a slim rotor and small caliper to halt wheel movement. Within the caliper are two brake pads, one on each side of the rotor, that clamp together when the brake pedal is pressed. Once again, fluid is used to transfer the movement of the brake pedal into the movement of the brake pads.Now I will highlight the difference between drum and disc brakes. Which brake system are better and why, if any? magnetic disk brakes operate better than drum brakes because of the difference in dissipation of heat in both systems. The drum brake is an internal system, with the brake pads being held inside of the brake drum. As such, it is easy for heat to build up inside the unit. When heat builds up, the brakes overhaul and loose their stopping power. Disc brakes, on the other hand, are more exposed. This allows for the brake disc and pads to cool oft easier and for the brakes to hold their stopping power.Disc brakes also perform better in wet weather, because centrifugal force tends to fling water off the brake disc and keep it dry, whereas drum brakes will collect some water on the inside surface where the brake shoes contact. The advantage of drum brakes is that they are much cheaper to manufacture than disc brakes. Also when having brake work done, the replacement of drums or shoes is less expensive than that of calipers or discs. As well, drums arse double as a parking brake, further reducing the cost of production of a vehicle.With disc brakes on all four wheels, manufacturers have to build a separate parking brake in the brake rotor, adding to its cost. All in all, the main reason that drum brakes are still in use is because of cost. Today most cars have a combination of disc brakes and drum brakes in their functioning. Braking causes the cars weight to shift forward, and as a matter about 70% of the work is done by the front brakes. By fitting disc brakes to the front wheels and drum brakes to the rear wheels, manufacturers can provide most of the benefits of disc brakes while lowering costs.

The Benefits of Study Abroad

Part 1 Grammar 1 a 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 b 6 a 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 b 11 c 12 c 13 b 14 b 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 a 19 b 20 a 21 c 22 a 23 b 24 a 25 b 26 b 27 a 28 a 29 b 30 c Part 2 Writing As I lead been occupying in China for almost 4 years, and my professors always recommend me to make a further study abroad, I finally consecrate make up my mind to get a master degree in Australia. It is not only because I have been told that the education system in Australia is quite a different from the sensation in China, but in any case there has a strong academic reputation in the field of Business.Speaking of Melbourne Institute of Technology(MIT) and University of Ballarat(UB), I have heard that the campuses locate at the downtown of the two biggest cities in Australia which are Melbourne and Sydney. Besides, some courses are accredited by professional bodies such as the certified public accountant Australia, which will give me professional development opportunities. Furthermore, as I know, the class s izes are smaller than traditional universities that will encourage me to participate and develop confidence. I am certain that I will try my best there and achieve my maximum potential.When I come back to China after studying, I will be more competitive and definitely make a major contribution to my future career. In a word, the two-year master study in Australia will not only offer me an opportunity to improve myself in every aspect with professors and fellow students from many other countries but also obtain social skills and international insight in my major as well. Part 3 Reading 1. thither are a lot of commonplace causes of stress. One of the most common causes is work. Another one is school for those who have not entered the working world yet.Also simple family life backside be one common cause of stress. 2. The combined stress of both work itself and the possibility of losing it creates a sort of double-stress, which means that not only do people annoying about their dail y tasks and routine pressures of work, but also they feel they have to work even harder in order to keep their jobs. 3. School can be a great source of stress for those who have not entered the working world yet. Because of the constant pressure of schoolwork, friends, teachers, tests, quizzes, papers and everything else, anyone can feel like they are trapped in a vice.Furthermore, the deadlines are all immoveable, so the students are everlastingly under time pressure. And the deadlines overlapping makes matters worse. 4. The deadlines are immoveable, so students are constantly under time pressure. To make matters worse, there are often several deadlines overlapping each other, intensifying the demands on time. 5. Once final exams arrive, there is a lot to re-learn and students need to spend so much time studying that they can barely sleep. 6. For parents, stress can often come from simply troubling about their children.After all, seeing a child grow up, make mistakes, go through school, go to college, play sports and often learn things the hard way is full to make a parent go bald. 7. Actually parents can often be the cause of stress as much as sources of comfort from it. though they often have their childrens best interests in mind, they can also put a lot of pressure on their children. 8. Spouses often spend a lot of time avoiding certain arguments simply because they are trying to avoid stress. However, leaving tension in the air while not resolving it can be a cause of stress.So it should be good to re process conflicts immediately. 9. Although silver keeps going out, not enough of it seems to come in and stress just keeps mounting. There never seems to be enough for the mortgage or rent, car payments, credit cards and other bills. Furthermore, it is rather difficult to be philosophical about money stress since attempting to put things into perspective only recalls thoughts about the money that always seems to be missing. 10. The best place to start i s by managing the stress, then working to solve the problems with a clear and uncluttered mind.

Moral Education Essay

Moral education can be given better by p arnts at home, than by schoolmasters and professors in schools and colleges. Parents have numberless opportunities of guiding their children by precept and example, opportunities denied to the teacher. Who gener bothy meets his pupils in large classes, and seldom has the means of becoming intimately acquainted with their several characters and the faults, another(prenominal) than intellectual faults, to which each of them is particularly prone. The foremost point of importance to notice with regard to clean-living instruction is that, in the words of the proverb, example is better than precept. This is too often forgotten by parents, oddly in the case of young children. Many parents are emphatic in incul-cating truthfulness, but, on real slight occasion think it advisable to escape the spur or curiosity of children by deception, if not by actual falsehood. They fondly hope that the deceit pass on pass unnoticed but children are keener o bservers than they are generally supposed to be, and very quick to detect any discrepancy between preaching and practice on the part of their elders.It is therefore imperative that parents in all cases should themselves act up to the moral precepts that they inculcate upon their children. Another important point in the home training of children is careful selection of associates of their own age who will not teach them bad habits. For the same reason, especially in rich houses, great care must be taken that the servants do not uphold an evil influence on their moral character. Bad servants teach a child to be deceitful and disobedient by secretly helping him to have intercourse forbidden pleasures, which of course they warn him he must on no account mention to his parents. They may also render a child uncivilized and overbearing by servile submission to his caprices and bad temper. If we now pass from home to school life, we see that the first great disadvantage that the school-m aster labours under is that it is very difficult for him to gain the affections of his pupils.A father can generally appeal to filial love as an inducement towards obeying the moral rules he prescribes. But a school-master appears to boys in the position of a task-master, and is too often without reason regarded by them as their natural enemy, particularly by those whom he has to punish for idleness or other faults, that is, by the very boys who stand most in need of moral instruction. Even when a school-master has got over this hostile feeling, he finds that the large amount of nonchalant teaching expected from him leaves him little leisure to give his pupils friendly advice in the intervals between lessons. It has been proposed in India that formal lessons in morality should be given in schools and colleges. But it is to be feared that lessons so delivered from the school-masters desk or the professors chair would produce little more effect than is obtained by the writing of mora l sentences in copy-books.In the great public schools of England the masters have opportunities of delivering moral lessons under more favourable conditions, when they preach the weekly sermon on sunshine in the sacred precincts of the school chapel. The Indian teacher has no such opportunity of using his eloquence in guiding the members of his school towards moral enthusiasm. provided he can do much by the power of personal example, and by creating in the minds of his pupils admiration for the great English writers, who in prose or poetise give expression to the highest moral thoughts. In addition to this, all intellectual education is in proportion to its success a powerful deterrent from vice, as it enables us to see more clearly the evil effects that follow from disobedience to moral rules.

Confessions – Aurelius Augustine

26 November 2007 The Measure of a Woman In iodin of his most famous works, Confessions, Aurelius Augustine maps out important details and happenings throughout his life in reference to his loved ones and his divinity fudge. An undeniable aspect of his life is the influence of his amaze, Monica, and her place on life, love, and death. If comp atomic number 18d to another famous female figure in the rescuerian life, such as Rebekah, the become of Jacob, Monicas virtues of persistence and eternal spot shining through, revealing her Biblical overtake of marriage and her husband.Augustine commends his mothers virtues and lifestyle, providing an example for women everywhere to carefully consider. Monica shows one of the most difficult qualities in life to possess- exertion. She demonstrates assiduity toward her son, Augustine, in her continual prayer and intercession for his salvation. In his Confessions, Augustine describes his mothers prayers mixed with tears as he sets sail f or Rome (5. 1232). Despite his departure, she continues to look God for His power in the life of her son. Her diligence is rewarded years later when Augustine finally comes to know the Lord.When Augustine look ats her the good news, she is filled with triumphant exultation (8. 1238). Ultimately Monica realizes that God has done more than she could ever imagine. In Carl G. Vaughts The Journey Toward God in Augustines Confessions Book I-VI, he presents the importance of Augustines tattleship with his mother concerning his conversion. He proposes that because of his relationship with his mother Augustine begins to move beyond Skellenger 2 space and time toward the positive relationship with God that Monica wants him to embrace (68).No doubt Monicas patience influences her son to embark on his journey towards the Lord. By the time her son is converted, Monica already has countless opportunities to develop patience in her life. Before her enduring mental attitude touches Augustines life, she is able to influence both her husband and mother-in-law. Referring to his mothers impact on the life of his grandmother, Augustine confirms that Monica won her completely by her unfailing patience and mildness (Confessions 9. 1243). Such a straightforward statement proves that he not only recognizes, but as well admires the virtue of patience he sees in his mothers life.In one of his other works, Encounters With God in Augustines Confessions Books VII-IX, Carl G. Vaught draws attention to the fact that Monicas victory in this case is an unusual feat in each culture (122). Perhaps demonstrating patience towards her mother-in-law is one of a womans greatest accomplishments in life. If so, this would greatly substantiate Monicas character. Another virtue that Augustine reveres in Monicas life is her eternal perspective. This is seen in his account of her last few days before her death. He reports that to both of them the world with all its delights seemed cheap (Confessions 9. 245). Monicas focus on the life to come causes her to disregard the importance of her physical bodys final resting place. She gives instruction that her body is to be buried wheresoever it may be at the time of her death (9. 1246). Vaught again comments on the life of Monica, suggesting that she points beyond death and the need to place the body in a particular place (Encounters 135). Monicas ability to see past the temporal life on earth illustrates her faith and obedience to Gods Word, which encourages the truster in II Corinthians 418 to concentrate on that which is eternal.In comparison, Rebekah of the Old Testament is not as patient nor eternally minded as Monica. kind of than waiting on the Lord to work in the lives of her family members, Rebekah feels the need to make things happen for herself. When Rebekah discovers that her husband Skellenger 3 desires to bless their two sons she wastes no time to ask the younger of the two boys, Jacob, to trick his father in order to receive the greater of the blessings. Though Jacob attempts to warn his mother of the potential danger she disregards it replying in propagation 2713, My son, let the curse fall on me.Just do what I say. The reader virtually hears the impatience and haste in Rebekahs voice. In Matthew hydrogens Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible, he describes Rebekahs response as a very rash word (162). He also points out the fact that if Rebekah would have walked in patience and trust, rather than impulsiveness and anxiety, Jacob could have received the blessing in a proper way since God had already promised in Genesis 2325 that he would be blessed (164). Both Rebekah and Monica receive the things they are after, yet in contrast to Monicas patience which produces peace nd harmony in her home, Rebekahs impatience results in additional strife and dissension amongst her family. It also displays Rebekahs earthly and temporal mindset. She is so concerned with an earthly inheritance for her son that she fails to remember that it is God who blesses and fulfills His Word in His perfect timing and way. The virtues a woman possesses can have a huge impact on her view of marriage. Particular virtues may also shape her understanding and belief about her responsibilities to her husband.While counseling her peers, Monica reveals her personal belief and view of marriage, calling it a matrimonial contractan instrument by which they became servants (Confessions 9. 1243). She also sees her life and the institute of marriage as a way to reach others and bring peace. Her son calls her a peacemaker between people quarreling and minds at discord (Confessions 9. 1244). Monica considered herself a servant within the realm of marriage. This concept consequently affects her opinion of what her responsibilities are to her husband. Augustine Skellenger 4 lainly describes Monicas behavior towards her husband in Book IX of Confessions, writing that she served him as her superior (1243). Such beh avior apparently touches Augustine so greatly that he takes the time to include these particular facts in his work. Elizabeth A. Clark also observes in her book, St. Augustine On Marriage and Sexuality, that Augustine praises her for the meekly subordinate position she had assumed in relation to his father (21). Not only does Monica desire to live as a humble servant, she also sees her responsibility to be a witness for Christ to her husband.Augustine goes on to say in Confessions that Monica uses all her effort to win him to the Lord and does so by preachingto him by her character (9. 1243). What a beautiful picture of Christs love shining through her actions and integrity. She understands the power of her pure and submissive conduct, as well as the negative influence words possess spot spoken in uncontrolled emotion. As Vaught so beautifully articulates, Monica is prepared to wait for Gods mercy to transform him (Encounters 121).Her approach to her husband may appear backwards to her peers, yet Monicas demeanor proves to have amazing influence in her husbands life. In comparison to Monicas abidance and faithfulness to her husband, Rebekah chooses to act out of desperation and fear. Though she serves her husband and family for the majority of her life, the story of her and Jacobs deception illustrates a time when she decided to be lord of her house, instead of submitting to the head of their home, Isaac. During that time she does not walk in integrity towards her husband as Monica did.On the contrary, she devises a plan found in Genesis 2714-17 to deceive Isaac by dressing up Jacob in order to appear as Esau, his brother. Instead of utilizing her position of wife and mother to promote peace she attempts to manoeuvre a selfish and cunning plan. This is a complete contrast to Monicas desire to be a witness and model of Gods love. Skellenger 5 Monica is a Godly woman, referred to by her son with same qualities found in the third chapter of I Timothy, such as making herself beautiful by submitting to her husband.Her perspective and conduct would be magnificent to see in todays women. Perhaps her ways might be considered old fashioned, weak, or even a way of suppressing womens power. On the other hand, Rebekahs choice to take charge is widely accepted and viewed as powerful in society today. besides by humbling herself, Monica receives Gods power, as well as answers to her many prayers, and in her supposed weaker state she has enormous influence and power that goes utmost beyond the realm of Rebekahs misleading strength. Skellenger 6 Works CitedAugustine, Aurelius, and Elizabeth A. Clark, ed. St. Augustine On Marriage and Sexuality Fathers of the Church V. 1. Washington, D. C. Catholic University of America Press, 1996. http//www. netlibrary. com. library. dbu. edu2048/Reader/. Henry, Matthew. Commentary on the Whole Bible Volume I (Genesis to Deuteronomy). Logos, Inc. 1706-1721. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. http//www. ccel. or g/ccel/henry /mhc1. html. The Holy Bible, New International Version. International Bible Society, 1894. http//www. biblegateway. om/. Lawall, Sarah, and Maynard Mack, Eds. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. second ed. Vol. B. New York W. W. Norton Company, 2002. Vaught, Carl G. The Journey Toward God in Augustines Confessions Books I-VI. Albany State University of New York Press, 2003. http//www. netlibrary. com. library. dbu. edu2048/Reader/. Vaught, Carl G. Encounters With God in Augustines Confessions Books VII-IX. Albany State University of New York Press, 2004. .

Test for Business English

Test 1 READING 1 hour type ONE Questions 1-8 fount at the statements below and at the five extracts on the opposite page from an article giving advice to assign setting up a seam. Which extract (A, B, C, D or E) does to each one statement (1-8) refer to? For each statement (1-8), mark champion letter (A, B, C, D or E) on your declaration Sheet. You ordain look at to theatrical role near of these letters more than once. 1. You should plan ahead in case a cave in of the comp whatever chooses to leave it. 2. A association which is carrying immediately may non al representations continue to do so. 3.The distribution of equity among the founders jackpot affect the smooth runway of the business. 4. Your function in the memorial tablet is antithetic from that of the former(a) managers. 5. Your method of running the business impart birth to be modified as your fellowship develops. 6. Your business may evolve into a course of study that you ar non satisfied wi th. 7. Delay every last(predicate)owing employees a financial s target in the company. 8. You exact to identify your in the flesh(predicate) strengths and weaknesses. A So you stand for youre an entrepreneur, and you want to start up a company. First, be sure youre re in aloney an entrepreneur, and non an inventor.Inventors come up with ideas, entrepreneurs rile a business out of them its of import to bonk where your abilities lie, as inventors bed fail miserably at running a business. Also, you need to be confident that you can adapt your management sprint to meet current demands if your company is a success. Leading the management team up of a growing business is very different from antecedeing a sweet founded company. B If your company proves successful, it lead probably change out of all recognition, and may see to possess a life of its own, with institutional shargonholders, regulators and employees to consider as well as customers and bank managers.That is t he duration to consider how far the aspirations of the business you founded unruffled mirror your own. If they accept diverged widely, and you feel you piss built just the bod of business that you perhaps tried to escape from in the jump place, it may be time to leave. C Bringing an idea to life requires an organisation. If you atomic add to winher 18 handout into business with your friends, urinate sure you treat them as professionally as you would your arms-length business partners, because the odds be that youll fall out with them.It may non seem valu subject at the start, but it will strengthen the company if you ensure that its constitution documents ar designed with your specific business and circumstances in mind, and that they intelligibly establish what will happen in the event of a withdrawal from the business by one of the founding shareholders. D Think guardedly just a fight(predicate) the capital structure of the business. You could be storing up a p roblem for the company in the future for example, by allocating shares to founders in a way that could lead to a stand-off if they refuse to see eye to eye on key issues.Similarly, when you eventually recruit new senior team members, think carefully about what to offer them. Dont give away share options in any case early. As a rule of thumb, silver is sufficient reward for populateledge and skill. Keep equity up your sleeve for rewarding commitment. E As your business grows, you need to keep the dependable balance between management control and entrepreneurial spirit. Too oftentimes control, and the business will ultimately cease to grow. Too little, and growth could be unsustalnable.Youll need to employ managers, but remember that their job is to build the infrastructure to underpin a business that until now may have run on the basis of your salesmanship and excitement. The risk is to hold in managers who are too much like you, without the indispensable experience of nursi ng a newly founded business through its evolution. PART TWO Questions 9-14 Read this text taken from an article about marketing. Choose the stovepipe sentence from the opposite page to assume each of the gaps. For each gap (9-14), mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet. Do not use any letter more than once.How effective is your marketing? Gone are the sidereal days when companies had parts full of cater whose persona nobody under- stood. Today we are all accountable and have to be able to demonstrate the value of our contribution to our businesses. And rightly so. But when it comes to marketing, what is effectiveness, how do you measure it, and why is its measurement so important? Businesses are starting to recognise the key marketing distrusts. Are we providing the right products for the right people at the right price? Are our brands bust than those of our competitors? 9) Thats because marketing is not the fluffy stuff that can be axed when the issue gets tough it is the essence of business. So if marketing is important, it follows that it pays to know if yours is drawing. The first stage in the butt on is understanding your current position. How successful is your brand today? What is your market share? You should equip yourself with some sound facts and figures on which to base your conclusions. (10) It could be simply to rising slope sales. You may want to reinforce your leadership in a market or trounce a competitive brand.Influencing future profitability, possibly by make a pithy-term brand share, may be a priority. A clear objective is essential. But how do you know if your marketing is achieving your goals? (11) Their success is not just related to how many boxes leave the pulverization. Effectiveness may not be tangible. It may be financial, it may not. The brand is an intangible asset, but it is now seen as an import- ant one. Quantifying the value of an intangible asset is a difficult, but not im thinkable, task. It is also necessary to tax both long-term effectiveness and the short-term outcomes of any campaign. 12) But the care of a brand is a marathon, not a sprint, and it is important not to lose sight of the long-term consequences. Choosing the right measurement tools to evaluate a campaign is another important issue. (13) The accuracy they thus ensure should be consistent over time and correspond to the wider objectives of the business. Ultimately, marketing must(prenominal) depict profit. The essential debate should no longer be about the importance of marketing, but what we should do to measure its effectiveness, and what measures will ensure survival. 14) But to others it is likely to be a controversial issue and one which can produce responses leading to widely different directions for their enterprises. A Having done that, close comes establishing what it is that marketing activities should be achieving. B Because of this, you may want to generate return on investment, perhaps by raisi ng the tonus of your brand. C This shift in focus will be taken as read by the most successful businesses. D Addressing such issues should mean that profits take care of themselves.E Concerning the latter, it may be bid to be seduced by efforts that yield quick results and satisfy investor pressure for immediate returns. F These should be precise and based on empirical data. G com giftable strategies are not necessarily think to production or sales figures. H Today we are all accountable and have to be able to demonstrate the value of our contribution to our businesses. PART THREE Questions 15-20 Read the following article about enlisting in the UK and the questions on the opposite page. For each question (15-20), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. graduate recruitment has a growing role.But companies need to know whether their recruitment rung who interview candidates for jobs in reality know what theyre doing. Carl Gilleard, chief executive of the Associa tion of Graduate Recruiters (AGR), acknowledges that in a perfect world, the people who recruit graduates would have been in the role for some time building up workplace knowledge. He says the reality is that the high turnover of graduate recruitment managers in most blue chips center thither is little continuity in how companies operate. Theres the difficulty in main(prenominal)taining important contact with university careers departments, for example, he explains. You need a depth of understanding to appreciate where the company is coming from and how its progressing. We can identify deuce specialisms within the recruiters role. Those that work on the recruitment and selection side need traditional human resources (HR) skills such as inviolable interviewing technique, observation, common sense, objectivity, patience and listening skills. But more and more thither are those who take a strategic view and look more widely at how their company is re exemplifyed in the marketplac e. Its a clear advantage if you can identify with your target audience. gentlemany young members of middle management are seconded into HR for a year because their firms feel they can identify with job-seeking graduates. Yet in an industry that has been revolutionised by the internet, privatised career services and rocketing numbers in higher education, it is suspicious how relevant these managers experiences are. Some high-fliers see a secondment to HR as a sideways move a firms HR function might not carry the same kudos as, say, the finance department, although obviously the recruitment and retention of staff is of crucial importance.Georgia de Saram, specialising in graduate recruitment at a jurisprudence firm, is one of a new breed of young dynamic recruiters who see HR as their vocation rather than a transitory career move. I was attracted to the profession because I enjoy working with people and its an obvious follow-on from my anthropology degree, she says. In this capacity , you get to know people and they know you even though they might not know other people in the firm. As a recruiter, she sees herself as the interface between graduates and the firm thats looking to attract them?Its such a saccade of war between law firms for the best trainees often theyll turn you depressed in favour of an offer theyve received from elsewhere. You need to be well-grounded at marketing your firm, to know what interests graduates and how you can reach potential employees, whether thats through virtual law fairs or magazines. A recent AGR survey suggests that the sectors in which there is less(prenominal) turnover of graduate recruitment managers are more successful in recruiting the graduates they want.The legal sectors sophisticated understanding of the market, for example, bureau they manage to recruit exactly the right number of trainees despite intense competition and thousands of applications. The people recruiting seem to build up a specialism and then pa ss on their knowledge and expertise to those new to the graduate recruitment sector. Jackie Alexander, an HR partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers, feels that HR professionals are concludingly reaching board level and receiving the sort of acknowledgement they deserve. They are judged by the value they add to the business, she says, and, as a professional services firm, the right people are our biggest asset. As Georgia de Saram points out From our companys point of v. iew, if I cant establish a rapport with a candidate and bring out their best, it might not be just their future but also ours that is at stake. 15. According to Carl Gilleard, many recruiters lack A. detailed knowledge of their sector. B. appropriate academic qualifications. C. understanding of graduates expectations. D. experience of the companies they work for. 16.What change in the recruitment process is mentioned in the third paragraph? A. Recruitment staff are re- provision. B. Broader approaches are being adopte d. C. Traditional abilities are being given less value. D. Different interview processes are being used. 17. On what grounds are certain managers seconded to HR departments? A. It is believed that they will relate to potential recruits. B. It is thought that they will benefit most from new developments. C. It is assumed that they will be able to apply specialised knowledge. D. It is expected that they will take advantage of new advance opportunities. 18.Which of the following areas does Georgia de Saram mention as an aspect of her work? A. representing her company effectively to its recruits B. increasing recruitment numbers at her company C. encouraging a wide range of company recruits D. influencing her companys recruitment policy 19. What was revealed about law firms in a survey? A. They are competing more effectively than before against other sectors. B. They prefer to retain trainees for extended periods wherever possible. C. They have managed to employ particularly knowledg eable HR staff. D. They appeal to those HR managers who are keen for promotion. 20.What point is made about recruitment in the final paragraph? A. New levels of qualification are being developed for it. B. It is now being perceived as key to increased profitability. C. Higher numbers of managers are being attracted to it. D. It is becoming central to a businesss survival. PART FOUR Questions 21-30 Read the article below about job satisfaction. Choose the indemnify word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page. For each question (21-30), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. How important is job satisfaction? At its most canonical, a job is just a collection of tasks and duties.An employees enjoyment of his or her job will thus (21) depend upon whether or not he or she is happy with the particular mix of tasks and duties (22) to that position. Naturally, each and every member of staff is different some employees want to do easy, (23) tasks without any responsibilities at all, whilst others prefer challenging, varied ones and are pleased to accept any additional responsibilities offered to them. Of course, with a job there are more (24) in play than this work conditions, pay, working relations and future prospects are (25) too.Nevertheless, tasks and duties are the central feature, and should therefore be considered as a secernate (26) in themselves. So, how important is an employees enjoyment of his or her individual (27) of tasks and duties? Most business owners and managers would (28) that it is very significant indeed. If a member of staff considers his or her tasks and duties to be too easy or unchallenging or, in contrast, too diverse or irksome, then he or she will feel dissatisfied, and all the inevitable knock-on cause will (29) themselves absences, lateness, reduced work-rate and performance, conflict, low morale, or even resignations.Thus it is important that staff are well suited to their employment, that jobs a re improved as far as possible and redesigned as and when necessary all to (30) that your employees enjoy what they do. 21. A. highly B. largely C. extensively D. widely 22. A. devoted B. intended C. identified D. allocated 23. A. customary B. habitual C. usual D. workaday 24. A. pieces B. roles C. factors D. parts 25. A. connected B. relevant C. appropriate D. related 26. A. result B. effect C. issue D. outcome 27. A. et B. send C. rank D. line 28. A. insist B. accentuate C. tell D. assent 29. A. uncover B. demonstrate C. unmask D. manifest 30. A. confirm B. ensure C. convince D. assure PART FIVE Questions 31-40 Read the text below from a brochure. For each question (31-40), write one word in CAPITAL earn on your Answer Sheet. Paragon great business space A new concept for the cardinal-first century, Paragon is a totally unique showpiece development of high-quality office and call centre buildings, hotel and leisure facilities. universey cities prevail (31) increasingly di fficult to allocate office space, but the city of Wakefield is al crap ahead (32) the game with Paragon. Paragon offers an extensive parkland setting with low-density buildings, and room to expand in the future. Yet, (33) the vast majority of business parks, Paragon has not been exiled to the foreign edges of the city. Instead, this large site is only I km from the centre of Wakefield. This offers massive advantages employees can easily walk or cycle to work, saving stress and pollution, and significantly cutting (34) on commuting time.There is (35) more driving along the motorway to distant out localises of business empires for the Paragon worker. But Paragons location sacrifices nothing (36) terms of communications. It is perfectly position for road and rail nedeucerks. A further attraction of Wakefield for Paragon is the ready avail- ability of a skilled workforce. (37) are more than 233,000 people gettable for work within an hours journey, and an enormous catchment population of 20 million within both hours travel.The city has a long history (38) an administrative centre, and its recent success in attracting top-name companies is evidence of its solid business credentials. Figures from the developers suggest that up (39) 5,000 jobs could be available in the initial phase of its development, with more to follow, making it (40) of the most significant areas of employment in the region. PART SIX Questions 41-52 Read the text below about IT dressing. In most of the lines (41-52) there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text.Some lines, however, are correct. If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet. If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. IN-HOUSE IT TRAINING One of the most important things you should consider before implementing an IT training program is whether that the content is current, accurate 41 and easily be understood by trainees. In general, you should look 42 for a training program that has done an affiliation with industry 43 leaders. For example, a course on Windows 2000 should at least 44 be pproved by Microsoft. A course that has been co-developed in 45 this way ensures so that trainees will study relevant and correct 46 information. Also, take into your account the availability of practical 47 exercises. Many off-site, instructor-led programs which provide learning 48 labs for trainee practice, but take good on-site training courses can 49 include hands-on simulations that resemble to an actual networking 50 or desktop environment. This supply allows trainees to interact with 51 the programs without crashing down a abide system.It also means that 52 trainees can study while at work so that less time is going missed, and production schedules are not interrupted. WRITING 1 hour 10 minutes PART ONE Question 1 The graph below shows the turnover for triad kinds of retail outlet , all own by the same company, during a three-year period. Using the information from the graph, write a short report comparing the changes in turnover in the companys three types of outlet. Write 120-140 words. pic PART TWO Write an declaration to one of the questions 2-4 in this part. Write your answer in 200-250 words.Question 2 Your company would like to prepare into a new overseas market with your new range of sports goods. You have been asked by the market Director to investigate ways of doing this. Write a report for the Marketing Director, including the following information how you carried out your re expect into the market the existing competition your target customers ways of promoting the products in the new market. Question 3 Recently you have extend unhappy with a service that has been provided to your company for a number of historic period. You have decided to write a letter of omplaint to the service supplier. Write your letter to the company that pr ovides the service, including the following information which service you are complaining about why you are dissatisfied with the service what action you want the service provider to take what you will do if there is no improvement in the service. Question 4 Your Managing Director is considering how to improve the companys intrinsic communications, and has asked you to write a short proposal giving your views on communication within your department. Write the proposal for the Managing Director describing how communication currently takes place within your department pointing out the weaknesses of the present situation recommending one or two improvements that should be made LISTENING Approximately 40 minutes (including 10 minutes transfer time) PART ONE Questions 1-12 You will hear the founder of a company called Manshee talking to business students about its development. As you listen, for questions 1-12, complete the notes, using up to three words or a number. aft(pre nominal) you have listened once, play back the recording. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANSHEE 1.The speaker had a problem finding .. for his computer. 2. Initially, the speaker bought from businesses. 3. Four years after its launch, Manshees . was ? 6 m. 4. The company grew quickly without having . 5. The main factor in the companys decisions was the current months 6. . fell as a result of competition. 7. Manshees consultants work mostly with 8. The consultants made Manshees directors put their future . in order of priority. 9.The directors first focused on .. and financial goals. 10. What the speaker feels was particularly valuable was the of the consultants advice. 11. Manshee classifies its customers on the basis of their . 12. The most successful division is the one working with the .. sector. PART TWO Questions 13-22 You will hear five different people talking about problems and responses to them in the companies where they work. For each extract there are two tasks. For caper One, decide which problem each speaker mentions from the list A-H.For assign Two, decide which response the company made to the problem from the list A-H. After you have listened once, replay the recording. Task One Problems For questions 13-17, match the extracts with the problems, listed A-H. For each extract, decide which problem for the company is mentioned. Write one letter (A-H) next to the number of the extract. A The directors experience was narrow. B Certain products went out of fashion. C There was a reliance on poor-quality supplies. D There were conflicts between directors. E Too many new products were launched at the same time.F Reasons for previous success were misunderstood. G There was a failure to understand economic trends. H Some advisors made poor recommendations. 13. 14. 15 16 17 Task Two Responses For questions 1822, match the extracts with the responses, listed A-H. For each extract, decide which response the company made to the problem. Write on e letter (A-H) next to the number of the extract. A Large severance payments were made.B New shares were issued. C A takeover bid was accepted. D Low-cost products were introduced. E A partnership abroad was formed. F One division was sold off. G Some products were rebranded. H A cost reduction programme was introduced. 18 19 20 21 22 PART THREE Questions 23-30 You will hear a discussion between two senior managers, John and Deborah, about an assistant manager, Colin, who has applied for a new post. For each question (23-30), mark one letter (A, B or C) for the correct answer. After you have listened once, replay the recording. 23. The new post is being created as a result of A. plans to change corporate culture. B. criticisms of management practice. C. changes to overall company structure. 24. What reason has Colin given for applying? A. to have a more challenging role B. to make full use of his qualifications C. to raise his profile within the company 25. John was particularly i mpressed by the way Colin A. treated a dissatisfied client. B. responded to an perfidious supplier.C. dealt with an inefficient member of staff. 26. What current strength of Colins does Deborah commend? A. his analytical skills B. his product knowledge C. his flexible approach 27. On a recent sales trip, Colin succeeded in A. improving the terms of a contract. B. identifying a new method of selling. C. making a number of new contacts. 28. In what area did Colin excel during recent training? A. team working B. report writing C. prioritising 29. What does Colins reference say? A. He expects too much of others. B. His confidence will grow in time. C. He sometimes lacks objectivity. 30.What support will the successful candidate receive? A. contact with an in-house advisory body B. performance appraisal meetings C. coaching from a consultant SPEAKING 16 minutes SAMPLE SPEAKING TASKS PART ONE In this part, the interlocutor asks questions to each of the candidates in turn. You have to giv e information about yourself and express personal opinions. PART TWO In this part of the test, you are asked to give a short talk on a business topic. You have to choose one of the topics from the three below and then talk for about one minute. You have one minute to prepare your ideas.A Customer relations the importance to a company of reliable customer opinions of products B Staff development the importance to a company of developing effective career plans for staff C Business scheme how to maintain the confidence of company shareholders PART THREE In this part of the test, you are given a discussion topic. You have 30 seconds to look at the task prompt, an example of which is below, and then about three minutes to discuss the topic with your partner. After that, the examiner will ask you more questions related to the topic. For two candidatesTravelling to Work Your companys location in a busy city centre means that staff often complain about the time taken to get to work. You ha ve been asked to make some recommendations. Discuss and decide together whether it would be better for staff to use public or private transport what the effects might be of allowing staff to work flexible hours. For three candidates Travelling to Work Your companys location in a busy city centre means that staff often complain about the time taken to get to work. You have been asked to make some recommendations. Discuss and decide together whether it would be better for staff to use public or private transport what the effects might be of allowing staff to work flexible hours what other measures the company could take to deal with the situation. Follow-on questions Would you be willing to spend a long time travelling to work every day? (Why? /Why not? ) Should companies provide staff with financial assistance if they have long journeys to work? (Why? /Why not? ) What do you think influences a companys decision to be located in a busy city centre? (Why? ) What effect do you t hink technology will have in the future on where people do their work? Why? ) What could be the long-term effects of changes in the hours people work and where they work? (Why? ) Test 1 practice session parcel 1 1. C 2. E 3. D 4. E 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. A theatrical role 2 9. D 10. A 11. G 12. E 13. F 14. C Part 3 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. C 20. D Part 4 21. B 22. D 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. D 30. B Part 5 31. IT 32. OF 33. UNLIKE 34. DOWN 35. NO 36. IN 37. THERE 38. AS 39. TO 40. ONE Part 6 41. BE 42. DONE 43. CORRECT 44. CORRECT 45. SO 46. YOUR 47. WHICH 48. TAKE 49. TO 50. SUPPLY 51.DOWN 52. GOING Test 1 Writing Question 1 Sample A The development of the turnover of FROZEN FOOD Ltd. The following report describes the changes in turnover by type of retail sector over the three years periods 2000 to 2002. In all three years the turnover made by supermarkets was the highest of all three retail outlets. Department stores remained the second greatest before elfin ta ke a shits-outlets. The turnover reached by supermarkets increased steadily over the three years and was ? 80m in 2002. The turnover of department stores was? 50m in 2000 but fell to ? 35m in 2001. In 2002 it remained steady to the previous year.After a loss in 2001, the pocket-sized shops-outlets reached again a higher level but could not reach the ? 30m turnover of 2000. stria 3 All the content points are included and, despite minor grammatical errors and several lexical errors, there is reasonable control overall. It is a well-organised answer with an adequate range of language and fits the descriptors for band 3. Sample B Below is a report on the changes in turnover for three kinds of retail outlet, owned by one company, over a three-year period. The overall highest turnover of eighty million pounds was obtained by supermarkets in 2002.On the other hand, the junior-gradeest turnover was made in small shops in 2001. Over the year 2000, a turnover of fifty million pounds was re ached in department stores, whereas it then plumetted to about thirty-five million pounds in 2001 and kept up(p) this position throughout 2002. The supermarkets turnover rose steadily from 2000, reaching its peak in 2002 with eighty million pounds. Clearly, small shops had the smallest turnover altogether. Thirty million pounds in 2000, a noticeable drop to twenty million in 2001 and a slight increase of five million in 2002.In conclusion, the highest results were achieved by supermarkets, followed by department stores and then small shops. Band 4 This answer shows an accurate and natural use of language with a good range of structures and vocabulary. The slightly awkward organisation and the minor omission of a starting point for supermarkets prevent it from being a band 5. Question 2 Sample C Ways of break into a new market. The aim of this report is to present some ideas of the actions to be taken in order to succed penetrating the new overseas market.First of all, it is fundame ntal hiring a well- known Marketing Research company in order to get all the information about the market of sport goods in that place. After that we need to know own competitors their strenghth and weaknesses, in that way we can find our posibilities and opportunities against them. The company have to build an diferencial advantage. Another important issued is our target customers, people interested in sports and health and also the kind of sports that it can be done in that place, it is vital information that the company need to know before go to the new market.For our brand, we need to be agressive in our publicity campaign, by TV, making promotions and offering discounts in first purchase. In conclusion, the company need to have the certainty that there are opportunities in that market and then gain all the weapons to have a good performance with caracteristics differents from the competitors and good publicity. In short time become market lider in sports good. Band 2 This answe r contains some irrelevance as the candidate has written a proposal rather than a report. This, feature with the number of errors, results in a band 2. Sample D Report concerning a new overseas market IntroductionThis report sums up the results of my investigation in overseas markets, according to what was demanded by the Marketing Director. Findings Staying a few weeks in this part of the World allowed me to collect precious information about the market, buying habits, competitors, and to set up complete figures and statistics. I could carry out a market research interviewing potentials consumers on the street or even in sports shop. Then I had the fortune to test local competitors products and to visit production premises. Furthermore, I analysed the data and found out two mains competitors, X and Y, who both shares half of the total market.The others competitors are small companies representing few percentage of global sales. Finally, teenagers are the biggest consumers. In fa ct, 30% of them buy regularly sports articles, while adults declare only buying once a year. Therefore, the main target profile would be a 15-year-old to 25-year-old male. Conclusions In my opinion, this market would be a great change for the development of the company and I then recommand breakage into it. Recommandations I suggest carrying out an advertisement campaign in order to make them know their is a new competitor.Then consumers are attracted by sales promotion like price reductions and I propose launching our products this way. Last but not least, we could starting offering three products to the price of two. Band 3 This is a generally well-organised answer with good use of cohesive devices. The candidate uses an adequate range of structure and vocabulary with a number of minor, mainly non-impeding, errors. Question 3 Sample E Dear Mr Smith, I am writing to express my concern about your poor delivery service. First and foremost, not only do the orders late, but they are also damage.Secondly, when we telephone your office to resolt the issues, the dutty person is always busy on the phone. Although his secretary takes our mesages and tells us that he is calling back, we never recieve his call. Finally, it is not surpriced to have problems with your invoices (suplements and extra-services which are inclueded in our contract with your company). Because of this, I have extra-cost in telephone calls and paper work. I will be grateful, if you do delivery the orders on time and in perfect conditions. Moreover, I will be easy to contact to you, if you do have more staff. And finally, it is important to issue correct invoices.As a result of your poor service, I think it is only fair, if your company starts to improve. If I do not see any improvements, I will be force using another suplieyer. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely, Amparo de la Iglesia Band 2 All the content points are included and the answer is clear organised with a good opening and closing. However, the number of basic errors means this is a band 2 rather than a band 3. Sample F Dear Mr Smith, We have been using your company for a number of years, however, recently we have experienced some problems with the quality of products and delays in delivery.As our customers have been devoutedly visiting our shop for years purchasing the best quality products, we feel obliged to make some remarks. Not only have we notice that the date for which dairy products should be consumed was extended but also in some yogurts we found that the labels describing the content were misleading. A cherry yogurt turned out to be a strawbery one. Furthermore, bottles of milk were not sealed properly which resulted in leaking and making the milk go off quicker. On top of everything, there have been delays in delivery if not a non-delivery that occured already a few times.We trust you will give this matter your immediate attention and that everything will get back to normal, a s we would still like to use your service. We hope it is just a temporary disposition. Sadly, however, we have to state clearly, that if no improvement will be made both with the quality of items and delivery we will have to change the supplier, for our customer sake and our reputation. Yours sincerely, Aneta Mroczek Band 4 This is an ambitious attempt at the task, showing fairly natural use of language, despite a number of non-impeding errors. It is well organised and cohesive. Question 4 Sample GI have carried out a research about companys internal communications and show you our study methods and our findings. METHODS 1. We designed a paper to cover all kinds of questions which may show companys internal communications. Then we selected a team in charge of the whole process of implemetion the survey. 2. We chosed some people random who come from different departments to have a panel to express themselves freely regarding the topic. Then, we had a good record and notes of that. An d some of them provide some useful suggestions. On the whole, the methods we conducted the program are scientific and effective.FINDINGS 1. Most of staff think we should improve companys communications. 2. The causes of preventing internal communications are as followed below 1. Different departments seldom exchange informations about what they are doing now and what are their newly outcome and something like that. 2. Different team rarely cc e-mail to other relative team of other staff to share their informations. 3. The time to express oneself is too limited and everyone is just lie to their own job itself and seldom share resources. 4. The activities which are attended by different departments or different teams are not common.PROPOSALS To respond the above problems and findings, I will propose as below. 1. To CC e-mail each other in the internal company which include not only in the department but among departments. 2. To exchange information among different departments and dif ferent teams oftenly. In order to achieve this goal, we can organize different activities to creat a atmosphere for them. Such as a panel, a training class, a outdoor travel and so on. 3. To open a company know-how discussion or training routinely to let every staff have a strategic idea and a long-term eyesight. Band 1There is considerable irrelevance in this answer and a in force(p) lack of control. An appropriate format is used, but the lack of cohesion and non sequiturs (e. g. in Finding number 3) result in a very negative effect on the reader. Sample H Making communication better We have 10 people working in our admin department. All kind of communication between each other is very important and it needs to be quick and affective. At the moment we do send Emails for sharing happening in every day basis. We also have a weekly meeting where some of us get together and look over the subjects from previous week and also make plans for the up coming ones.There is also someone there to make notes which will be typed over to correct minutes and sent to everybody who attended the meeting. My concern is that on those meetings we dont have the whole admin team present and therefore many times we have talked on the behalf of the ones who are not attending. This kind of communication might bring miscommunication to place. To resolve this matter I think that we should have everybody on that weekly meeting to get correct information from the right people. At least it is worth(predicate) to have a go. Best regards, Kaie Sirak Band 2 This answer contains frequent errors, which sometimes obscure communication.The content points are all covered but not dealt with in depth. The end is particularly weak, leaving a negative impression on the reader. Overall, it fits more of the descriptors for band 2 than 3. Test 1 Listening Part 1 1 ACCESSORIES 2 MAIL(-)ORDER 3 TURNOVER 4 (A/ANY) STRUCTURE 5 CASH FLOW 6 (PROFIT) MARGINS 7 subatomic BUSINESSES/SMALL COMPANIES/SMALL FIRMS 8 INVESTMENT(S)(PLANS) 9 STRATEGIC (TARGETS)/ STRATEGY/STRATEGIES 10 OBJECTIVITY 11 BUYING BEHAVIO(U)R(S) 12 TRAINING Part 2 13. G 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. F 18. E 19. H 20. A 21. B 22. F Part 3 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. B 28.C 29. A 30. A Tapescript Listening Test 1 This is the Business English Certificate Higher 3, Listening Test 1. Part One. Questions 1 to 12. You will hear the founder of a company called Manshee talking to business students about its development. As you listen, for questions I to 12, complete the notes, using up to three words or a number. After you have listened once, replay the recording. You now have forty-five seconds to read through the notes.. pause straight listen, and complete the notes. pause Man Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Im honoured to have this opportunity to talk to you.Eight years ago, I bought my first computer, but I soon discovered that where I lived, it was difficult to find accessories for that particular make. That made me realise tha t other people must have the same problem. Then I found that foreign magazines contained plenty of advertisements of mail order companies, so I started buying spare parts and things that way and selling them on to my friends at a small profit. That was how my company, Manshee, was born. Four years later, Manshee was making a profit and had reached a turnover of six million pounds. We had 4 directors myself and three of my friends plus a staff of seventeen.The culture was young and the working environment didnt have any structure. The company just grew and grew with its own momentum, and everything we did seemed to strike lucky. If we call for to buy some equipment or redecorate the sales office, we decided yes or no in isolation, only taking the short term usually the cash flow for that month into account. However, the market became increasingly cut throat, and that led to falling margins. We realised, rather unwillingly, that the time had come to structure our future, but we didnt really have much idea how to set about it.So we went to a firm of consultants who specialise in helping small businesses, and it proved a turning point. They insisted that we four directors sit down and rank our investments in order of importance for the coming years. It seems obvious now, but wed never realised the value of doing it before. Initially, we set out strategic and financial targets for the next three years, and now were pleased with just how many of those objectives weve met. The value of bringing in outside expertise was that it gave us objectivity. Its so easy to take things for granted, and to go on in the same mindset.Using consultants meant we received invaluable advice on our business priorities. Planning has allowed us to make notable improvements. For instance, by segmenting our customer base, we realised that we could put our customers, currently in excess of a thousand, into four distinct groups, according to their buying behaviour. That made us realise we could increase sales if we allocated different people to deal with each group. So we set up four specialist divisions, and the most successful one has increased its sales by over twenty per cent, and thats the division involved with the training sector.Were signing off the next plan for growth. People are sometimes concerned that planning leads to rigidity, but we certainly dont find that it stops us from being as flexible as we need to be. Thank you. pause Now listen to the recording again. pause That is the end of Part One. You now have twenty seconds to check your answers. pause Part Two. Questions 13 to 22. You will hear five different people talking about problems, and responses to them in the companies where they work. For each extract there are two tasks. Look at Task One. For each question 13-17, decide which problem each speaker mentions, from the list A-H.Now look at Task Two. For each question 18-22, decide which response the company made to the problem, from the list A-H. After you have listened once, replay the recording. You now have thirty seconds to read the two lists. pause Now listen, and do the two tasks. pause Speaker One Woman Well, now its all over, I can only hope weve learnt the right lessons from the experience. Although the consultants at the time urged caution, the board were sure of the plan after all, it was the sort of thing theyd pulled off before and ploughed ahead with the launch of the new division.But the board wouldnt accept that the predicted dash in these new overseas markets was bound to be unstable because of likely fluctuations in currency rates and share prices, and thats where it all came unstuck. They reacted sensibly, though, and now we have launch a good joint venture there, which is a better bet than going it alone, or slashing costs all over the place and pose people off in a panic. pause Speaker Two Man In the end, youd have to say we had a lucky escape I mean, it could have been a lot worse. Its very d ifficult to know where your brand is really positioned.. weve always accepted that our research almost inevitably will be running a bit behind. Consumer tastes change so quickly these days, and thats where we suffered, and lost market share. The directors, once it was clear what was happening, attacked the problem and looked at various options. They could have looked to generate revenues with a share issue, but I think they were right to go for clipping back by reducing expenditure wherever possible youre better placed to re- group with a tight ship. The plans to develop higher quality products for the future look pretty plausible now. pauseSpeaker Three Woman Well, I now know to take all this talk about the importance of communication skills seriously I used to think it was all rather woolly, but when youve seen the damage misunderstandings can do I suppose the board was a grouping of people with such strong backgrounds individually that each of them expected to be top dog, and th at it was perhaps inevitable that theyd clash over what direction the company should go in. Anyhow, it looked very grim for a while but, in the end, two of them took the pretty sizeable payoffs they were offered and travel on. From our point of view, at east it saved us from the prospect of the group being split up and the shares sold off. pause Speaker Four Man We were all extremely glad to see the back of that particular episode in the companys history. I know theres quite a trend to constantly reviewing your sourcing in the search for cost savings, but it was crazy to move over to such an untried firm. The trouble was we were getting nearly all our parts from them, so everything was leaving the factory here with faulty components, with appalling results. We should have listened to the consultants, but on this one we thought we knew better.It got so bad that predatory offers were being made for the division, and we had to think baffling about how to save the brands reputation. Ra ising fresh capital through new shares was the right way to go and enabled us to cover the losses we made in sales. pause Speaker Five Woman I sometimes really do think that the people who know least about a company are the people who run it thats why theres such an industry in advising on and supplying the skills for managing change. We went along assuming that we were selling well because of what we saw as our philia qualities but we were wrong.It was just that we happened to have got our pricing right, so when we changed that, it all started falling apart. Things got decidedly grim for a time, and drastic action was required. A merger was considered, and an raptorial takeover had to be fought off. In the end, it was easier to accept an offer for the Budget Products Division, and avoid major redundancies, than to go on trying to keep the whole thing afloat. pause Now listen to the recording again. pause That is the end of Part Two. pause Part Three. Questions 23 to 30. You will hear a discussion between two senior managers, John and Deborah, bout an assistant manager, Colin, who has applied for a new post. For each question 23-30, mark one letter (A, B or C) for the correct answer. After you have listened once, replay the recording. You have forty-five seconds to read through the questions. pause Now listen, and mark A, B or C. pause Man Well, Deborah, we need to think about the candidates whove put in applications for the post of area manager. Woman Yes, John, its an exciting new role, and it fits in with the strategy development plan. Man Quite. Its part of a logical progression in our approach to management, carefully consolidating our skills base.It should mean a new chain of command, but based on tried and tested methods.. , well be stronger as a result. Woman Well thats the idea. Now, the first one thats come in is from Colin Man The assistant manager for the south-east? Woman Yes. Colins clearly keen Man But of course, its an attractive proposition . Woman And I think thats whats drawn him. Hes said his current post is demanding as well he might but that hes keen to position himself in the spotlight here. Reading between the lines, I think the alternative, as he sees it, is to move sideways to IT, which is where his background is.It would be a shame to lose someone like him hes hungry. Man Yes, its a genuine application. Hes a serious contender. I was struck recently I think it was last month.. , by his problem- solving abilities. He was passed a disease it wasnt really his problem at all but he took it up anyway, about some faulty goods wed supplied, apparently. I think he saw it as an efficiency issue, and so relevant to any responsible person here. And he reacted really well, so that the customer went away happy after all. Woman Right, and that suggests the qualities that are most germane to the job.Ultimately, I suppose, were looking for a level of adaptability that its fair to say someone in his position may not hav e had the occur to really demonstrate yet.. , but his familiarity with the goods we produce is second-to-none, so I think the signs are there that he may become an astute analyst and problem-solver. Man Thats certainly encouraging. And its not just in the office that hes been looking good. I sent him abroad as part of that group a few weeks ago. The basic brief was to secure a continuation of the Asian contract. To be honest, that was a bit of a given, and what I was really hoping for was something extra.And sure enough, he clearly really worked on all our contacts out there, and he came back with some great new insights into how we might be able to develop bulk sales straight off through warehouses, rather than through the standard agency channels. Woman Oh right, interesting I missed the debrief on that one. But I do know he went on a training course not so long ago, and clearly reaped the benefits there. The content was mundane enough how to produce effective reports or some such but he identified the points that really mattered, and saw that what it actually addressed was how to order the most pertinent facts for delivery to a team.Man So, its good news all round? Woman Lets look at what his reference has to say. He does have shortcomings, of course. His confidence is very strong, almost to a fault, you might say, which could lead to difficulties on the patience front.. , just because he gets the point quickly doesnt mean hes entitled to think everyone else does, that they share the same conclusions.. , others may be behind in terms of objectivity, still grappling with issues that impact personally on themselves. Man Hmm, thatd certainly be something to watch, I guess.Still, were not looking for perfection, are we? And were not going to be setting up a lone operator. Woman Oh, far from it. Whoever gets the job will be well backed up. I was talking to the consultants the other day, and they were quite critical of our reliance on checking performance th rough the one-to-one appraisal system, so its been decided that this new post will be linked into the cross-departmental advisory group that was set up a few months ago, and benefit from dealing with them and getting their input.That should help quite a bit. Man That makes a lot of sense. Well, lets talk about some of the other candidates pause Now listen to the recording again. pause That is the end of Part Three. You now have ten minutes to transfer your answers to your Answer Sheet. pause Note Teacher, stop the recording here and time ten minutes. Remind students when there is one minute . remaining. That is the end of the test.

Edgar Allan Poe Paper Essay

Poes Writes his writing based on his real life, and makes it shocking, scary moreover wish how his life was. His life leads him to write his literature like horror, scary, and more. Poe was alone after his let ending. He wrote a poetry named Alone that he wrote related to how he tangle he was alone. Poe didnt like his comfort grow, and didnt get along with him. He cherished revenge on his cling to father. A letter that he wrote to John Allan called Letter to John Allan That letter described how he felt around his foster father. All the literature he wrote was related to his own life experience. In Poes literature he has always one character that dies at the end. Poe always thought that his foster father insulted him a lot. He wrote a story name The Cask of the Amontillado which was similar to how he felt more or less his foster father. That story was about two persons, and one of them thought that the other insulted him, so he treasured revenge. That was the same thing t hat Poe wanted to do to his foster father.The death of Poes mother really wedged his life, and his writing. In the poem Alone he wrote that From childhoods hour I have non been as other were. That meant that he didnt had the childhood like others had. Most childrens have parents just he didnt he was alone by himself. His life was full of tragedy, so was his literature. For example the poem Alone that he wrote had this Then in my childhood in the dawn of a most thundery life. That meant he has a life full of tragedy, and his life was very hard staring from childhood. Edgar Allan Poes life was one of cosmosy sorrows and difficulties, filled with death of close family members and many broken loves.Poe wanted a revenge on his foster father. He wrote a letter to him that described how he felt about him. Poe didnt get along with his foster father because he thought John Allan was loose, and John Allan didnt leave a penny for Poe before John Allans died. In the letter he wrote emit me I entreat you some money immediately, as I am in the greatest. That straining meant he wanted some money, he was asking for money from him. The letter that he wrote he showed no shame because he thought he deserved it for what John Allan said about him. For example in the letter he says Again, I have heard you say (when you little thought I was comprehend. That line in the letter meant he has overheard John Allan say that he meant nothing to him.Poes foster father, John Allan was always scornful Poe. Poe had overheard him many times overbearing him, so Poe wanted revenge, and didnt distribute about the injuries John Allan had make. Poes story The Cask of the Amontillado is the best(p) example of Poe thinking John Allan was insulting him, and Poe wanting revenge. In the story he wrote this quote The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult That quote meant that Montresore wants a revenge, not for his injuries but for the insu lt, which was the same thing Poe wanted to do to John Allan. This story was related to wines Poe was a man who drank a lot. In The Cask of the Amontillado Fortunato was the man that drinks a lot, which you could describe as Poe because Poe had a lot of tenses in life that made him start drinking, just like Fortunato.In conclusion, Poes writes his writing based on his real life and makes it shocking, scary like how his life was. His life leads him to write his literature like scary, horror, and more. The three main reasons that Poe wrote his writing like that were death of his mother he wanted a revenge on his foster father, and his foster father insulting him. Poes life was full of tragedy, and so was his literature. Overall Poes real life really made a big impact on his literature.